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Plotino - Tratado 44,7 (VI, 3, 7) — Análise aristotélica da realidade em forma, matéria e misto
sábado 18 de junho de 2022, por
Igal
7 Mas si alguno dice que cuantas cosas de acá subsisten en la materia reciben su ser de la materia, le preguntaremos de dónde recibe su ser y su entidad la materia. Ahora bien, que la materia no es algo primario, ya lo hemos dicho en otro parte. Pero si se alega que las demás cosas no pueden subsistir si no es en la materia, responderemos que ésas son las sensibles. Pero nada impide que, siendo anterior a éstas, sea posterior a muchas y a todas las inteligibles, dado que el ser que posee es borroso e inferior al de las cosas que subsisten en ella, tanto más cuanto que éstas son razones y provienen del Ser en mayor grado, mientras que ella está totalmente desrazonada y es sombra de razón y malogro de razón. Y si alguno dijera que la materia confiere el ser a las cosas que subsisten en ella como Sócrates a la blancura que subsiste en él, hay que responder que lo que es en mayor grado puede muy bien dar el ser a lo que es en menor grado, pero lo que es en menor grado no puede dar el ser a lo que es en mayor grado.
Ahora bien, si la forma es en mayor grado que la materia, síguese que el ser no puede ser una nota común a ambas, ni puede la sustancia ser un género que contenga la materia, la forma y el compuesto. Habrá, sí, varias notas comunes a los tres, las que venimos diciendo; su ser, no obstante, será distinto. Porque al advenir lo que es en mayor grado a lo que es en menor grado, esto será primero en orden, pero en sustancia será posterior, de suerte que si el ser no se da por igual en la materia, en la fórma y en el compuesto, la sustancia no puede ya ser común a modo de género. Sin embargo, con respecto a las cosas posteriores a esas tres, la sustancia se halla en una situación distinta, ya que con respecto a esas tres tiene algo en común por el hecho de que son de sí mismas, del mismo modo que hay dos formas de vida, una borrosa y otra más nítida, y dos clases de retratos, uno que es un boceto y otro más elaborado. Y si alguno toma lo borroso del ser como medida del ser sin tener en cuenta la mayor cuantía de ser que hay en las demás cosas, de nuevo, por este concepto, el ser será una nota común. Pero me temo que no se debe proceder así, porque cada ser es un todo distinto, pero el ser borroso no es una nota común, del mismo modo que, si se trata de la vida, no hay algo que sea común a la nutritiva, a la sensitiva y a la intelectiva. Pues así también aquí, el ser que hay en la materia es distinto del que hay en la forma, y ambos dimanan de un mismo principio, que fluye en un caso de un modo y en otro de otro. Porque lo primero ha de ser más y lo segundo menos e inferior, no sólo cuando lo segundo procede de lo primero y lo tercero de lo segundo, sino también cuando ambos proceden de un mismo principio, pero en cuanto uno de los dos participa más, la teja, por ejemplo, del fuego, y el otro menos, de modo que no llegue a hacerse teja. Pero bien puede ser que la materia y la forma ni siquiera dimanen de un mismo principio, pues son distintas aun en los inteligibles.
Bouillet
VII. Si l’on prétend que les choses matérielles tiennent leur être de la matière, nous demanderons d’où la matière tient elle-même son existence et son être : car nous avons démontré ailleurs que la matière n’occupe pas le premier rang (29). — Si l’on ajoute que les autres choses ne sauraient subsister sans être dans la matière, nous dirons que cela n’est vrai que pour les choses sensibles. Mais si la matière est antérieure aux choses sensibles, cela n’empêche pas qu’elle ne soit postérieure à beaucoup de choses, à toutes les choses intelligibles : car la matière a une existence plus obscure que les choses qui sont en elle, si ces choses sont des raisons [séminales], lesquelles participent plus à l’être, tandis que la matière est complètement irrationnelle, est une ombre de la raison, une chute de la raison (30). — Si l’on objecte que la matière donne l’être aux choses matérielles, comme Socrate donne l’être au blanc qui est en lui, nous répondrons que ce qui possède un degré supérieur d’être peut bien donner un moindre degré d’être à ce qui n’en possède qu’un degré inférieur, mais que la réciproque ne saurait avoir lieu. Or, comme la forme est plus être que la matière (31), l’être ne s’affirme pas également de la matière et de la forme, et la substance n’est pas un genre qui ait pour espèces la matière, la forme et le composé (32). Ces trois choses ont plusieurs caractères communs, comme nous l’avons déjà dit, mais elles diffèrent sous le rapport de l’être : car lorsqu’une chose qui possède un degré supérieur d’être s’approche d’une chose qui en possède un degré inférieur [comme la forme s’approche de la matière], cette chose, bien qu’antérieure dans l’ordre [ontologique], est postérieure sous le rapport de la substance ; par conséquent, si la matière, la forme et le composé ne sont pas également des substances, la substance n’est plus pour elles une chose commune, un genre. Cependant la substance sera dans un rapport moins étroit avec les choses qui sont postérieures à la matière, à la forme et au composé, bien qu’elle leur donne à toutes la propriété de s’appartenir à elles-mêmes ; c’est ainsi que la vie a divers degrés, l’un plus fort, l’autre plus faible, et que les images d’un même objet sont l’une plus vive, l’autre plus obscure (33). Si l’on mesure l’être par un degré inférieur d’être, et que l’on omette le degré supérieur qui se trouve dans les autres choses, l’être ainsi considéré sera commun. Mais ce n’est pas là une bonne manière de procéder. En effet, chaque tout diffère des autres, et le moindre degré d’être ne constitue pas une chose qui soit commune à tous; de même que, pour la vie, il n’y a pas quelque chose qui soit commun à la vie végétative, à la vie sensitive et à la vie rationnelle (34).
Il résulte de tout ceci que l’être diffère dans la matière et dans la forme, et ces deux choses dépendent d’une troisième [de l’être intelligible], qui se communique à elles inégalement. Non-seulement, quand le second procède du premier, et le troisième du second, l’être antérieur possède une essence meilleure que l’être postérieur ; mais encore, lorsque deux choses procèdent d’une seule et même chose, on voit la même différence : ainsi l’argile [façonnée par le potier] devient ou non tuile selon qu’elle participe plus ou moins au feu [c’est-à-dire selon qu’elle est plus ou moins cuite]. D’ailleurs, la matière et la forme ne procèdent pas du même principe intelligible (35): car les intelligibles diffèrent aussi entre eux.
Guthrie
BEING CANNOT BE ASCRIBED TO MATTER, WHICH DERIVES ITS BEING FROM THE INTELLIGIBLE.
7. If somebody should object that material things derive their essence from matter, we should have to ask from whence matter itself draws its essence and existence; for we have elsewhere demonstrated that matter does not hold the first rank.
If, however, it be further objected, that the other things could not exist without being in matter, we will answer that that is true only for sense-things. But if matter be anterior to sense-things, that does not hinder itself being posterior to many other things, and to all intelligible things; for the existence of matter is far more obscure than the things in matter, if these things be (”seminal) reasons,” which participate deeper in essence, while matter is completely irrational, being an adumbration, and a decay of reason.
It may further be objected that matter gives essence to material things, as Socrates gives essence to the white that is in him. We will answer that what possesses a superior degree of Essence may well confer a lesser degree of essence to what possesses a still inferior degree thereof, but that the reciprocal or converse condition is impossible. Now, as form is more essence than matter, essence cannot be predicated equally of matter and form, and “being” is not a genus whose species is matter, form and the combination. These three things have several common characteristics, as we have already said, but they differ in respect to essence; for when something which possesses a superior degree of essence approaches something which possesses an inferior degree (as when form approaches matter), this thing, although anterior in (the ontological) order, is posterior in respect to being; consequently, if matter, form and the combination be not “beings” equally, no longer is being for them something common, like a genus. Nevertheless, “being” will be in a less narrow relation with things which are posterior to matter, to form, and to the combination, though it gives each of them the property of belonging to themselves. It is thus that life has different degrees, one stronger, the other weaker, and that the images of a same object are some more lively, others more obscure. If essence be measured by a lower degree of essence, and if the superior degree which exists in other things be omitted, essence thus considered will be a common element. But that is not a good way of procedure. Indeed, each whole differs from the others, and the lesser degree of essence does not constitute something that was common to all; just as, for life, there is not something common to vegetative life, to sensitive life, and rational life.
ESSENCES DIFFER ACCORDING TO PARTICIPATION IN FORM.
Consequently, essence differs both in matter and in form; and these two (entities) depend from a third (intelligible Being), which communicates itself to them unequally. The anterior Being possesses a better nature (”essence”) than any posterior being, not only when the second proceeds from the first, and the third from the second; but when two things proceed from one and the same thing, the same (condition of affairs) may be observed. Thus does the clay (when fashioned by the potter) become a tile not only according as it participates in the fire more or less (is more or less thoroughly baked). Besides, matter and form do not proceed from the same intelligible principle; for the intelligibles also differ among each other.
MacKenna
7. But Matter, it may be contended, is the source of existence to the Sensible things implanted in it. From what source, then, we retort, does Matter itself derive existence and being?
That Matter is not a Primary we have established elsewhere. If it be urged that other things can have no subsistence without being implanted in Matter, we admit the claim for Sensible things. But though Matter be prior to these, it is not thereby precluded from being posterior to many things-posterior, in fact, to all the beings of the Intellectual sphere. Its existence is but a pale reflection, and less complete than that of the things implanted in it. These are Reason-Principles and more directly derived from Being: Matter has of itself no Reason-Principle whatever; it is but a shadow of a Principle, a vain attempt to achieve a Principle.
But, our critic may pursue, Matter gives existence to the things implanted in it, just as Socrates gives existence to the whiteness implanted in himself? We reply that the higher being gives existence to the lower, the lower to the higher never.
But once concede that Form is higher in the scale of Being than Matter, and Matter can no longer be regarded as a common ground of both, nor Substance as a genus embracing Matter, Form and the Couplement. True, these will have many common properties, to which we have already referred, but their being [or existence] will nonetheless be different. When a higher being comes into contact with a lower, the lower, though first in the natural order, is yet posterior in the scale of Reality: consequently, if Being does not belong in equal degrees to Matter, to Form and to the Couplement, Substance can no longer be common to all three in the sense of being their genus: to their posteriors it will bear a still different relation, serving them as a common base by being bound up with all alike. Substance, thus, resembles life, dim here, clearer there, or portraits of which one is an outline, another more minutely worked. By measuring Being by its dim manifestation and neglecting a fuller revelation elsewhere, we may come to regard this dim existence as a common ground.
But this procedure is scarcely permissible. Every being is a distinct whole. The dim manifestation is in no sense a common ground, just as there is no common ground in the vegetal, the sensory and the intellectual forms of life.
We conclude that the term "Being" must have different connotations as applied to Matter, to Form and to both conjointly, in spite of the single source pouring into the different streams.
Take a second derived from a first and a third from the second: it is not merely that the one will rank higher and its successor be poorer and of lower worth; there is also the consideration that, even deriving from the same source, one thing, subjected in a certain degree to fire, will give us an earthen jar, while another, taking less of the heat, does not produce the jar.
Perhaps we cannot even maintain that Matter and Form are derived from a single source; they are clearly in some sense different.
Ver online : Plotino
- Plotino - Tratado 44,1 (VI, 3, 1) — Os gêneros do ser: problema geral
- Plotino - Tratado 44,2 (VI, 3, 2) — Os gêneros do ser: questões de método
- Plotino - Tratado 44,3 (VI, 3, 3) — Classificação das qualidades sensíveis...
- Plotino - Tratado 44,4 (VI, 3, 4) — Unidade da realidade sensível como gênero: o caráter comum
- Plotino - Tratado 44,5 (VI, 3, 5) — Os caracteres mencionados são caracteres comuns
- Plotino - Tratado 44,6 (VI, 3, 6) — A realidade é o ser tomado absolutamente
- Plotino - Tratado 44,8 (VI, 3, 8) — A realidade sensível não é senão uma sombra da realidade inteligível
- Plotino - Tratado 44,9 (VI, 3, 9) — Divisão da realidade sensível em espécies: Critérios
- Plotino - Tratado 44,10 (VI, 3, 10) — Divisão da realidade sensível em espécies: novos
- Plotino - Tratado 44,11 (VI, 3, 11) — Pertencem à quantidade não o lugar e o tempo, mas o grande e o pequeno
- Plotino - Tratado 44,12 (VI, 3, 12) — O discurso pertence não à quantidade, mas ao movimento
- Plotino - Tratado 44,13 (VI, 3, 13) — Sobre o número
- Plotino - Tratado 44,14 (VI, 3, 14) — Sobre a figura
- Plotino - Tratado 44,15 (VI, 3, 15) — O igual e o desigual são o próprio da quantidade
- Plotino - Tratado 44,16 (VI, 3, 16) — O que a qualidade é: uma "razão" (logos)
- Plotino - Tratado 44,17 (VI, 3, 17) — Quais divisões introduzir na qualidade sensível?
- Plotino - Tratado 44,18 (VI, 3, 18) — Quais divisões introduzir na qualidade sensível?
- Plotino - Tratado 44,19 (VI, 3, 19) — A qualidade: novos problemas
- Plotino - Tratado 44,20 (VI, 3, 20) — Certas qualidades não têm contrário
- Plotino - Tratado 44,22 (VI, 3, 22) — O que é o movimento?
- Plotino - Tratado 44,23 (VI, 3, 23) — O que é o movimento?
- Plotino - Tratado 44,24 (VI, 3, 24) — As espécies de movimento: movimento local
- Plotino - Tratado 44,25 (VI, 3, 25) — As espécies de movimento: associação, dissolução e alteração
- Plotino - Tratado 44,26 (VI, 3, 26) — Critérios de divisão entre os movimentos
- Plotino - Tratado 44,27 (VI, 3, 27) — Repouso
- Plotino - Tratado 44,28 (VI, 3, 28) — Conclusão (de Porfírio?)