Página inicial > Antiguidade > Neoplatonismo (245-529 dC) > Plotino (séc. III) > Enéada VI > Plotino - Tratado 44,6 (VI, 3, 6) — A realidade é o ser tomado absolutamente

Plotino - Tratado 44,6 (VI, 3, 6) — A realidade é o ser tomado absolutamente

sábado 18 de junho de 2022, por Cardoso de Castro

  

Igal

6 Mas si alguno dijera: «Demos por buenas estas elucubraciones en torno a la sustancia, pero no se nos ha dicho qué es la sustancia», es que está pidiendo además ver el «es» sensiblemente. Ahora bien, el «es» este y el ser no pueden ser vistos.

—¿Cómo? El fuego y el agua ¿no son sustancias?

—Sí, los dos son sustancias. ¿Porque son visibles? No. 5¿Porque tienen materia? No. ¿Porque tienen forma? Tampoco. Ni tampoco porque sean el compuesto de ambas. ¿Por qué, pues? Porque «son».

—Pero también la cuantidad «es»; también la cualidad «es».

—Nosotros responderemos naturalmente que en sentido equívoco.

—Pero ¿en que consiste el «es» en el fuego, en la tierra y en cosas similares? ¿En qué difiere este «es» del de las demás cosas?.

—Pues en que el uno quiere decir «ser» sin más y «ente» sin más, y el otro, en cambio, «ser blanco».

—¿Cómo? El ser añadido a lo blanco es el mismo que el ser sin añadidura.

—No es verdad. El primero es ser en sentido primario, mientras el segundo lo es por participación y en sentido secundario. En efecto, lo blanco añadido al ser hace al ser blanco, y el ser añadido a lo blanco hace a lo blanco ser, con lo que la añadidura es accidental a los dos: lo blanco es accidental al ser y el ser a lo blanco. Y esto no lo decimos en el mismo sentido que si uno dijera que Sócrates   es blanco y que lo blanco es Sócrates. Porque, en ambos casos, Sócrates es el mismo, pero tal vez lo blanco no es lo mismo: en «lo blanco es Sócrates», Sócrates está incluido en lo blanco, mientras que, en «Sócrates es blanco», lo blanco es puramente accidental. Y también en nuestro caso, «el ser es blanco» tiene lo blanco como accidental, mientras que en «lo blanco es ser», lo blanco lleva incluido el ser. Y, en general, lo blanco lleva incluido el ser porque es inherente al ser y está en el ser; del ser recibe, pues, su ser, mientras que el ser recibe su ser de sí mismo y su blancura de lo blanco, no porque el ser esté en lo blanco, sino porque lo blanco está en el ser. Pero puesto que aun el ser del mundo sensible no es ser por sí mismo, hay que añadir que recibe su ser del Ser en sí, y el ser blanco, de la Blancura en sí; pero la misma Blancura en sí recibe su ser por participación en el Ser en sí.

Bouillet

VI. Vous avez indiqué les propriétés de la substance, dira-t-on peut-être, mais vous n’avez pas dit ce qu’elle est. — C’est demander à voir ce qu’est la substance sensible ; or la substance sensible est, et être n’est pas une chose qui se voie. — Quoi donc ! Le feu et l’eau ne seraient pas des substances? — Sans doute, le feu et l’eau sont des substances. Mais est-ce parce qu’ils sont visibles? Non. Est-ce parce qu’ils contiennent de la mati  ère? Non. Est-ce parce qu’ils ont une forme? Non. Est-ce enfin parce qu’ils sont des composés? Non encore. Ils sont des substances parce qu’ils sont. — Mais on dit de la quantité qu’elle est ; on le dit aussi de la qualité. — Oui, sans doute, mais si nous parlons ainsi pour la quantité et la qualité, ce n’est que par homonymie (27). — Alors, en quoi consiste l’être de la terre, du feu et des autres substances semblables ? Quelle différence y a-t-il entre l’être de ces choses et l’être des autres choses ? — C’est que l’être de la terre, du feu, etc., est d’une manière absolue, signifie d’une manière absolue être, tandis que l’être des autres choses [est relatif], signifie être blanc, par exemple. — L’être ajouté à blanc n’est-il pas la même chose que l’être pris absolument? — Nullement. L’être pris absolument est l’être au premier degré; l’être ajouté à blanc est l’être par participation, l’être au second degré : car l’être ajouté au blanc rend le blanc être, et le blanc ajouté à l’être rend l’être blanc; c’est pourquoi le blanc est un accident pour l’être, et l’être un accident pour le blanc. Ce n’est pas la même chose que si nous disions : Socrate est blanc, et : Le blanc est Socrate : car dans les deux cas Socrate est le même être ; mais il n’en est pas de même du blanc : car dans le second cas, Socrate est compris dans le blanc ; et dans le premier cas, le blanc est un pur accident. Quand on dit : L’être est blanc, le blanc est un accident de l’être ; mais quand on dit : Leblanc est être, le blanc contient l’être. En somme, le blanc ne possède l’existence que parce qu’il se rapporte à l’être et qu’il est dans l’être. C’est donc de l’être qu’il reçoit son existence. L’être au contraire tient de luimême son existence et il reçoit du blanc la blancheur, non parce qu’il est dans le blanc, mais parce que le blanc est en lui (28). Comme l’être qui se trouve dans le monde sensible n’est pas être par lui-même, il faut dire qu’il tient son existence de l’être qui est véritablement, qu’il tient sa blancheur du blanc en soi, et qu’enfin le blanc en soi a l’être parce qu’il participe de l’être intelligible.

Guthrie

BEING DRAWS ITS EXISTENCE FROM THE INTELLIGIBLE.

6. It may perhaps be objected that we have here indicated the properties of “being,” but we have not described its nature. Such a request amounts to asking to see what sense-being is; now sense-being is, and “being” is not something which can be seen.

What then? Are fire and water not beings? Doubtless, they are. But are they beings merely because they are visible? No. Is it because they contain matter? No. Is it because they have a form? No. Is it because they are combinations? No. They are “beings,” because they “are.”

But one can also say that quantity, as well as that quality “is!” Yes, doubtless, but if we speak thus about quantity and quality, it is only by a figure of speech.,, [366]

Then, in what consists the being of earth, fire, and other similar things? What is the difference between the being of these things and of others? The essence of the earth, of the fire, and so forth, exists in an absolute manner, while the essence of other things (is relative) and for instance, means merely being white. “Is” added to white is not the same thing as “essence” taken absolutely; is it? Certainly not. Essence taken absolutely is essence in the first degree; “to be” added to white, is essence by participation, essence in the second degree; for “to be,” added to white, makes white an essence; and white added to essence makes the being white; that is why white is an accident for essence, and “to be” an accident to white. It is not the same thing as if we said, Socrates is white, and, the White is Socrates; for in both cases Socrates is the same being; but it is not thus with whiteness; for, in the second case, Socrates is contained in the white, and in the first case, white is a pure accident. When we say, the being is white, the white is an accident of being; but when we say, the White is essence, the white contains essence. In short, white possesses existence only because it refers to “being,” and is in “being.” It is therefore from “being” that it receives its existence. On the contrary, essence draws its existence from itself; and from white it receives whiteness, not because it is in the white, but because the white is within it. As the essence which is in the sense-world is not Essence by itself, we must say that it draws its existence from the veritable Essence, in itself; and, finally, the White in itself possesses essence because it participates in the intelligible Essence.

MacKenna

6. Granted, it may be urged, that these observations upon the nature of Substance are sound, we have not yet arrived at a statement of its essence. Our critic doubtless expects to see this "Sensible": but its essence, its characteristic being, cannot be seen.

Do we infer that fire and water are not Substance? They certainly are not Substance because they are visible. Why, then? Because they possess Matter? No. Or Form? No. Nor because they involve a Couplement of Matter and Form. Then why are they Substance? By existing. But does not Quantity exist, and Quality? This anomaly is to be explained by an equivocation in the term "existence."

What, then, is the meaning of "existence" as applied to fire, earth and the other elements? What is the difference between this existence and existence in the other categories? It is the difference between being simply - that which merely is - and being white. But surely the being qualified by "white" is the same as that having no qualification? It is not the same: the latter is Being in the primary sense, the former is Being only by participation and in a secondary degree. Whiteness added to Being produces a being white; Being added to whiteness produces a white being: thus, whiteness becomes an accident of Being, and Being an accident of whiteness.

The case is not equivalent to predicating white of Socrates and Socrates of white: for Socrates remains the same, though white would appear to have a different meaning in the two propositions, since in predicating Socrates of white we include Socrates in the [whole] sphere of whiteness, whereas in the proposition "Socrates is white" whiteness is plainly an attribute of Socrates.

"Being is white" implies, similarly, that Being possesses whiteness as an attribute, while in the proposition "whiteness is Being [or, is a being]" Being is regarded as comprising whiteness in its own extension.

In sum, whiteness has existence because it is bound up with Being and present in it: Being is, thus, the source of its existence. Being is Being on its own account, but the white is due to whiteness - not because it is "present in" whiteness, but because whiteness is present in it.

The Being of the Sensible resembles the white in not originating in itself. It must therefore be regarded as dependent for its being upon the Authentic Being, as white is dependent upon the Authentic Whiteness, and the Authentic Whiteness dependent for its whiteness upon participation in that Supreme Being whose existence is underived.


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