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Plotino - Tratado 44,9 (VI, 3, 9) — Divisão da realidade sensível em espécies: Critérios
sábado 18 de junho de 2022, por
Igal
9 Y basta ya sobre la supuesta sustancia sensible y su unidad como género. ¿Qué especies podríamos asignar a este género? ¿Cómo hacer la división?
Pues bien, hay que decir que la sustancia sensible, en conjunto, es cuerpo. Mas de los cuerpos unos son más materiales y otros orgánicos: más materiales el fuego, la tierra, el agua y el aire; son orgánicos los cuerpos de las plantas y los de los animales, que varían por sus formas. Luego hay que considerar las especies de tierra y las de los demás animales, y lo mismo en los cuerpos orgánicos, dividiendo las plantas y los cuerpos de los animales por sus formas. O bien, dividiéndolos según que vivan sobre la tierra o dentro de la tierra, y dividiendo, en cada elemento, los que vivan en él. O bien, dividiendo los cuerpos en ligeros, pesados e intermedios, unos asentados en el centro, otros arriba en la periferia y otros en la zona intermedia. En cada una de estas especies los cuerpos se distinguen ya por su figura, de modo que haya cuerpos propios de los animales celestes y otros apropiados a los demás elementos. O bien, una vez divididos en las cuatro especies, a continuación hay que proceder ya con otro método a entremezclarlos, combinando sus diferencias según los lugares, las formas y las mezclas, llamándolos, por ejemplo, ígneos o terrestres según el elemento que abunde y prevalezca en ellos.
La distinción entre «sustancias primeras» y «sustancias segundas», entre «este fuego» y «fuego», es verdad que comporta una diferencia de otro tipo, puesto que la una es particular y la otra universal, pero no, sin embargo, una diferencia de sustancia, ya que también en la cualidad se dan «una blancura» y «blancura», «una gramática» y «gramática». Además, ¿qué tiene de menos la gramática, comparada con una gramática, y la ciencia, en general, comparada con una ciencia? Porque la gramática no es posterior a la gramática particular, antes bien, porque existe la gramática, existe también la que hay en ti, pues que aun la que hay en ti es particular porque está en ti, pero en si misma es idéntica a la universal.
Así también, no es Sócrates mismo el que da al no-hombre el ser hombre, sino el hombre a Sócrates el ser hombre: el hombre particular es hombre por participación en el hombre. Además, ¿qué puede ser Sócrates sino «tal hombre»? Y lo «tal» ¿qué contribuye a que sea más sustancia? Si es porque «hombre» es sólo forma y «tal hombre» forma en la materia, por este concepto «tal hombre» será menos hombre, ya que la razón en una materia es una razón inferior. Y si aun el hombre no es Forma en sí, sino forma en una materia, ¿qué tendrá de menos que el hombre en la materia? 35¿Qué tendrá de menos la Razón en sí que la razón en una materia?
Además, lo más genérico es anterior por naturaleza, y en consecuencia, la Forma es anterior al individuo. Ahora bien, lo anterior por naturaleza también es anterior simplemente. ¿Cómo puede, pues, ser menos? Es verdad que lo particular, por ser más conocido para nosotros, es anterior; pero esto no comporta una diferencia en las cosas. Además, en esta hipótesis, la noción de sustancia no será unívoca, ya que no es la misma la de la sustancia primaria que la de la secundaria, ni caen bajo un solo género.
Bouillet
IX. Nous terminerons ici ce que nous avions à dire de la substance sensible et du genre qu’elle constitue. Il nous reste à examiner comment on peut la diviser et quelles sont ses espèces.
Toute substance sensible est corps; mais il y a les corps bruts et les coçps organisés : les corps bruts sont le feu, la terre, l’eau et l’air; les corps organisés sont ceux des plantes et des animaux, qui se distinguent les uns des autres par leurs formes. On peut diviser en espèces la terre et les autres éléments; on peut aussi classer d’après leurs formes les plantes et les corps des animaux, ou bien ranger dans une classe les animaux qui habitent sur la terre et sont terrestres, dans une autre ceux qui appartiennent à un autre élément. On peut encore dire qu’il y a des corps légers, pesants ou intermédiaires; que les corps pesants se tiennent au milieu du monde, les corps légers autour du monde dans la région supérieure, et les corps intermédiaires dans la région moyenne. Dans chacune de ces divisions les corps sont distingués par leurs figures : il y a ainsi les corps des animaux célestes [des astres], puis ceux qui appartiennent à tel ou tel autre élément. On peut encore, après avoir distribué les corps d’après les quatre éléments, les mélanger ensuite d’une autre manière et engendrer ainsi les différences qu’ils ont entre eux sous le rapport des lieux, des formes, des mixtions; on donnera ainsi aux corps le nom d’ignés, de terrestres, etc., d’après l’élément qui domine en eux.
Quant à la distinction qu’on a faite de substances premières et de substances secondes (39), nous admettons que tel feu et le feu universel diffèrent l’un de l’autre en ce que l’un est individuel et l’autre universel, mais nous ne voyons pas qu’il y ait entre eux une différence substantielle. En effet le genre de la qualité comprend également le blanc et tel blanc, la science grammaticale et telle science grammaticale. En quoi la science grammaticale a-t-elle moins de réalité que telle science grammaticale, et la science que telle science? La science grammaticale n’est pas postérieure à telle science grammaticale; il faut au contraire que la science grammaticale existe déjà pour qu’existé la science grammaticale qui se trouve en toi, puisque cette dernière est telle science grammaticale parce qu’elle se trouve en toi ; elle est d’ailleurs identique à la science grammaticale universelle. De même, ce n’est pas Socrate qui a fait devenir homme celui qui n’était pas homme, c’est plutôt l’homme universel qui adonné à Socrate d’être homme : car l’homme individuel est homme par participation à l’homme universel. Qu’est d’ailleurs Socrate si ce n’est tel homme? Or en quoi être tel homme contribue-t-il à rendre la substance plus substance? Si l’on répond qu’il y contribue en ce que l’homme universel est seulement une forme, tandis que tel homme est une forme dans la matière, il en résultera seulement que tel homme sera moins homme : car la raison [l’essence] est plus faible quand elle est dans la matière . Si l’homme universel ne consiste pas seulement dans la forme même, mais est encore dans la matière, en quoi serat-il inférieur à la forme de l’homme qui est dans la matière, puisqu’il sera la raison de l’homme qui est dans la matière? L’universel est antérieur par sa nature, et par conséquent la forme est antérieure à l’individu. Or ce qui est antérieur par sa nature est antérieur absolument. Comment donc l’universel serait-il moins substance? Sans doute l’individuel, nous étant plus connu, est antérieur pour nous ; mais il n’en résulte aucune différence dans les choses elles-mêmes (40). Enfin, si l’on admettait la distinction des substances premières et des substances secondes, la définition de la substance ne serait plus une : car ce qui est premier et ce qui est second ne sont pas compris sous une même définition et ne forment pas un seul et même genre.
Guthrie
CLASSIFICATION OF BODIES.
9. So much then for what we had to say of sense-being, and the genus it constitutes. It remains to analyze it into species. Every sense-being is a body; but there are elementary and organized bodies; the former are fire, earth, water and air; the organized bodies are those of plants and animals, which are distinguished from each other by their forms. The earth and the other elements may be divided into species. Plants and bodies of animals may be classified according to their forms; or we could classify apart the terrestrial animals, that inhabit the earth, and those which belong to some other element. We might also analyze bodies into those that are light, heavy, or intermediary; the heavy bodies remaining in the middle of the world, the light bodies in the superior region which surrounds the world, and the intermediary bodies dwelling in the intermediary region. In each one of these regions the bodies are distinguished by their exterior appearance (or, figure); thus there exist the bodies of the (stars, or) celestial bodies, and then those that belong to particular elements. After having distributed the bodies according to the four elements, they could be blended together in some other manner, and thus beget their mutual differences of location, forms, and mixtures. Bodies could also be distinguished as fiery, terrestrial, and so forth, according to their predominating element.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY BEINGS ARE DIVIDED BY NO SUBSTANTIAL DIFFERENCE.
As to the distinction drawn between primary and secondary being, it must be admitted that some particular fire, and the universal Fire differ from each other in this, that the one is individual, and the other universal; but the difference between them does not seem to be essential. Indeed, does the genus of quality contain both White, and a particular white; or Grammar, and some particular grammatical science? How far does Grammatical science then have less reality than some particular grammatical science, and Science, than some particular science? Grammatical science is not posterior to some particular grammatical science; Grammatical science must already have existed before the existence of the grammatical science in you, since the latter is some grammatical science because it is found in you; it is besides identical with universal Grammatical science. Likewise, it is not Socrates that caused him who was not a man to become a man; it is rather the universal Man who enabled Socrates to be a man; for the individual man is man by participation in the universal Man. What then is Socrates, if not some man? In what does such a man contribute to render “being” more “being”? If the answer be that he contributes thereto by the fact that the universal Man is only a form, while a particular man is a form in matter, the result will only be that a particular man will be less of a man; for reason (that is, essence) is weaker when it is in matter. If the universal Man consist not only in form itself, but is also in matter, in what will he be inferior to the form of the man who is in matter, since it will be the reason of the man which is in matter? By its nature the universal is anterior, and consequently the form is anterior to the individual. Now that which by its nature is anterior is an absolute anterior. How then would the universal be less in being? Doubtless the individual, being better known to us, is anterior for us; but no difference in the things themselves results. Besides, if we were to admit the distinction between primary and secondary beings, the definition of “being” would no longer be one; for that which is first and that which is second are not comprised under one single definition, and do not form a single and same genus.
MacKenna
9. So much for one of the genera - the "Substance," so called, of the Sensible realm.
But what are we to posit as its species? how divide this genus?
The genus as a whole must be identified with body. Bodies may be divided into the characteristically material and the organic: the material bodies comprise fire, earth, water, air; the organic the bodies of plants and animals, these in turn admitting of formal differentiation.
The next step is to find the species of earth and of the other elements, and in the case of organic bodies to distinguish plants according to their forms, and the bodies of animals either by their habitations - on the earth, in the earth, and similarly for the other elements - or else as light, heavy and intermediate. Some bodies, we shall observe, stand in the middle of the universe, others circumscribe it from above, others occupy the middle sphere: in each case we shall find bodies different in shape, so that the bodies of the living beings of the heavens may be differentiated from those of the other elements.
Once we have classified bodies into the four species, we are ready to combine them on a different principle, at the same time intermingling their differences of place, form and constitution; the resultant combinations will be known as fiery or earthy on the basis of the excess or predominance of some one element.
The distinction between First and Second Substances, between Fire and a given example of fire, entails a difference of a peculiar kind - the difference between universal and particular. This however is not a difference characteristic of Substance; there is also in Quality the distinction between whiteness and the white object, between grammar and some particular grammar.
The question may here be asked: "What deficiency has grammar compared with a particular grammar, and science as a whole in comparison with a science?" Grammar is certainly not posterior to the particular grammar: on the contrary, the grammar as in you depends upon the prior existence of grammar as such: the grammar as in you becomes a particular by the fact of being in you; it is otherwise identical with grammar the universal.
Turn to the case of Socrates: it is not Socrates who bestows manhood upon what previously was not Man, but Man upon Socrates; the individual man exists by participation in the universal.
Besides, Socrates is merely a particular instance of Man; this particularity can have no effect whatever in adding to his essential manhood.
We may be told that Man [the universal] is Form alone, Socrates Form in Matter. But on this very ground Socrates will be less fully Man than the universal; for the Reason-Principle will be less effectual in Matter. If, on the contrary, Man is not determined by Form alone, but presupposes Matter, what deficiency has Man in comparison with the material manifestation of Man, or the Reason-Principle in isolation as compared with its embodiment in a unit of Matter?
Besides, the more general is by nature prior; hence, the Form-Idea is prior to the individual: but what is prior by nature is prior unconditionally. How then can the Form take a lower rank? The individual, it is true, is prior in the sense of being more readily accessible to our cognisance; this fact, however, entails no objective difference.
Moreover, such a difference, if established, would be incompatible with a single Reason-Principle of Substance; First and Second Substance could not have the same Principle, nor be brought under a single genus.
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