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Plotino - Tratado 43,17 (VI, 2, 17) — Eliminar outros gêneros: o bem
sábado 18 de junho de 2022, por
Igal
17 —Pero la belleza, el bien y las virtudes ¿porqué no están entre los primeros géneros?.
—El bien, si se trata del primer Bien, lo que llamamos «la naturaleza del Bien», de la que nada se predica pero que nosotros, no pudiendo designarla de otro modo, la llamamos así, no puede ser género de ninguna cosa. El Bien, efectivamente, no se predica de las demás cosas; si no, cada una de las cosas de las que se predica se llamaría «el Bien». Además, el Bien es anterior a la Esencia, no está en la Esencia. Pero si se trata del bien como cualidad, la cualidad no se cuenta en absoluto entre los géneros primarios.
—¿Cómo? La naturaleza del Ser ¿no es un bien?
—En primer lugar, es un bien en un sentido distinto, no en el sentido aquel del primer Bien. Aun así, es un bien no al modo de una cualidad, sino un bien en sí.
—Pero también los demás géneros decíamos que eran «en sí», y cada uno de ellos era un género porque era una nota común y visiblemente presente en muchos. Si, pues, también el bien está visiblemente presente en cada parte, o en la mayoría de las partes, de la Esencia o del Ser, ¿por qué no es un género y uno de los primeros géneros?
—Pues porque el bien presente en todas esas partes no es el mismo: está en ellas de modo primario o secundario o posterior; porque está en ellas o porque un bien proviene de otro, el posterior del anterior, o porque todos provienen de uno solo, del Bien transcendente, pero participan de él de distinto modo, según su naturaleza. Pero si alguno quiere establecerlo como género, será un género posterior, porque el que una cosa sea buena, aunque lo sea siempre, es posterior a su esencia y a su quididad. Aquellos géneros, en cambio, pertenecían al Ser en cuanto Ser y contribuían a la Esencia. Por eso precisamente debe existir lo que está «más allá de la Esencia», porque el Ser y la Esencia no puede dejar de ser múltiple, sino que, forzosamente, contiene los géneros enumerados y es unimúltiple. Pero si el bien del Ser consiste en la unidad que hay en él (no vacilemos en afirmar que la actividad del Ser naturalmente dirigida al Uno, ése es su bien, de manera que de allá le venga el ser boniforme), entonces su bien consistirá en su actividad dirigida al Bien, y ésta no es sino su vida, y ésta no es sino su Movimiento, que es ya uno de los géneros.
Bouillet
XVII. Mais pourquoi le bien, le beau, les vertus, la science, l’intelligence ne seraient-ils pas des genres premiers?
Si par bien on entend le Premier que nous appelons le Bien même, ce dont nous ne saurions rien affirmer, mais que nous nommons ainsi, ne pouvant exprimer autrement l’idée que nous en avons, ce n’est pas un genre : car on ne peut l’affirmer d’aucune autre chose; s’il y avait des choses dont on pût l’affirmer, chacune d’elles serait le Bien même. En outre, le Bien ne consiste pas dans l’essence ; il est donc au-dessus de l’essence. Mais si par bien on entend une qualité [la bonté], on sait que la qualité ne peut être mise au rang des genres premiers. — Quoi donc? L’Être n’est-il pas bon ? — Oui, sans doute; mais il n’est pas bon de la même manière que le Premier, qui est bon, non par une qualité, mais par lui-même. — Mais, nous objectera-t-on, vous avez dit que l’Être renferme les autres genres en lui-même, et que chacun de ceux-ci est un genre parce qu’il est quelque chose de commun et qu’on le trouve en plusieurs choses. Si donc on aperçoit aussi le bien dans chacune des parties de l’Essence ou de l’Être, ou du moins dans le plus grand nombre, pourquoi le bien ne serait-il pas aussi un genre et un des genres premiers? — C’est qu’il n’est pas le même dans toutes les parties de l’Être, qu’il y est ou au premier degré ou au second, et ainsi de suite ; que ces divers biens sont tous subordonnés les uns aux autres, le dernier dépendant du premier (47) et tous dépendant d’un seul, qui est le Bien suprême; c’est enfin que si tous participent du bien, ce n’est que d’une manière qui varie suivant la nature de chacun.
Si l’on veut encore que le bien soit un genre, ce sera un genre postérieur : car il sera postérieur à l’essence. Or l’être de l’Essence (τοῦ τί ἐστι τὸ εἶναι), quoiqu’il soit toujours uni à l’Essence, est le Bien même, tandis que les genres premiers appartiennent à l’Être en tant qu’être et forment l’Essence. C’est de là qu’on s’élève au Bien absolu, qui est supérieur à l’Être : car il est impossible que l’Être et l’Essence ne soient pas multiples ; l’Être renferme nécessairement en lui-même les genres premiers que nous avons énumérés; il est l’un-multiple.
Mais si par bien on entend ici l’unité qui est dans l’Être (et nous n’hésitons pas à reconnaître que l’acte par lequel l’Être aspire à l’Un est son vrai bien, que c’est par là qu’il reçoit la forme du Bien), alors le bien de l’Être est l’acte par lequel il aspire au Bien ; cet acte constitue sa vie ; or cet acte est un mouvement, et nous avons déjà mis le mouvement au nombre des genres premiers. [Il est donc inutile de faire du bien ainsi conçu un nouveau genre.]
Guthrie
NEITHER ARE GOOD, BEAUTY, VIRTUE, SCIENCE, OR INTELLIGENCE.
17. But why should not the Good, beauty, virtues, science, or intelligence be considered primary genera? If by "good" we understand the First, whom we call the Good itself, of whom indeed we could not affirm anything, but whom we call by this name, because we have none better to express our meaning, He is not a genus; for He cannot be affirmed of anything else. If indeed there were things of which He could be predicated, each of them would be the Good Himself.
Besides, the Good does not consist in "being," and therefore is above it. But if by "good" we mean only the quality (of goodness), then it is evident that quality cannot be ranked with primary genera. Does this imply that Essence is not good? No; it is good, but not in the same manner as the First, who is good, not by a quality, but by Himself.
It may however be objected that, as we saw above, essence contains other genera, and that each of these is a genus because it has something in common, and because it is found in several things. If then the Good be found in each part of "being" or essence, or at least, in the greater number of them, why would not also the Good be a genus, and one of the first genera? Because the Good is not the same in all parts of Essence, existing within it in the primary or secondary degree; and because all these different goods are all subordinate to each other, the last depending on the first, and all depending from a single Unity, which is the supreme Good; for if all participate in the Good, it is only in a manner that varies according to the nature of each.
IF THE GOOD BE A GENUS, IT MUST BE ONE OF THE POSTERIOR ONES.
If you insist that the Good must be genus, we will grant it, as a posterior genus; for it will be posterior to being. Now the existence of (the Aristotelian) "essence," although it be always united to Essence, is the Good itself; while the primary genera belong to Essence for its own sake, and form "being." Hence we start to rise up to the absolute Good, which is superior to Essence; for it is impossible for essence and "being" not to be manifold; essence necessarily includes the above-enumerated primary genera; it is the manifold unity.
IF THE EXCLUSIVE GOOD MEAN UNITY. A NEW GENUS WOULD BE UNNECESSARY.
But if by Good we here mean the unity which lies in Essence, we would not hesitate to acknowledge that the actualization by which Essence aspires to Unity is its true good, and that that is the means by which it receives the form of Good. Then the good of Essence is the actualization by which it aspires to the Good; that act constitutes its life; now this actualization is a movement, and we have already ranked movement among the primary genera. (It is therefore useless to make a new genus of "Good conceived as unity").
MacKenna
17. Why are not beauty, goodness and the virtues, together with knowledge and intelligence, included among the primary genera?
If by goodness we mean The First - what we call the Principle of Goodness, the Principle of which we can predicate nothing, giving it this name only because we have no other means of indicating it - then goodness, clearly, can be the genus of nothing: this principle is not affirmed of other things; if it were, each of these would be Goodness itself. The truth is that it is prior to Substance, not contained in it. If, on the contrary, we mean goodness as a quality, no quality can be ranked among the primaries.
Does this imply that the nature of Being is not good? Not good, to begin with, in the sense in which The First is good, but in another sense of the word: moreover, Being does not possess its goodness as a quality but as a constituent.
But the other genera too, we said, are constituents of Being, and are regarded as genera because each is a common property found in many things. If then goodness is similarly observed in every part of Substance or Being, or in most parts, why is goodness not a genus, and a primary genus? Because it is not found identical in all the parts of Being, but appears in degrees, first, second and subsequent, whether it be because one part is derived from another - posterior from prior - or because all are posterior to the transcendent Unity, different parts of Being participating in it in diverse degrees corresponding to their characteristic natures.
If however we must make goodness a genus as well [as a transcendent source], it will be a posterior genus, for goodness is posterior to Substance and posterior to what constitutes the generic notion of Being, however unfailingly it be found associated with Being; but the Primaries, we decided, belong to Being as such, and go to form Substance.
This indeed is why we posit that which transcends Being, since Being and Substance cannot but be a plurality, necessarily comprising the genera enumerated and therefore forming a one-and-many.
It is true that we do not hesitate to speak of the goodness inherent in Being" when we are thinking of that Act by which Being tends, of its nature, towards the One: thus, we affirm goodness of it in the sense that it is thereby moulded into the likeness of The Good. But if this "goodness inherent in Being" is an Act directed toward The Good, it is the life of Being: but this life is Motion, and Motion is already one of the genera.
Ver online : Plotino
- Plotino - Tratado 43,1 (VI, 2, 1) — Questões preliminares sobre os gêneros do ser
- Plotino - Tratado 43,2 (VI, 2, 2) — O ser, é o uno-múltiplo da segunda hipótese da segunda parte do Parmênides
- Plotino - Tratado 43,3 (VI, 2, 3) — O ser, é o uno-múltiplo da segunda hipótese da segunda parte do Parmênides
- Plotino - Tratado 43,4 (VI, 2, 4) — Partir da unidade e da multiplicidade dos corpos
- Plotino - Tratado 43,5 (VI, 2, 5) — Partir da unidade e da multiplicidade da alma
- Plotino - Tratado 43,6 (VI, 2, 6) — Partir da unidade e da multiplicidade da alma
- Plotino - Tratado 43,7 (VI, 2, 7) — Os cinco gêneros primeiros: O Movimento, o Ser, o Repouso
- Plotino - Tratado 43,8 (VI, 2, 8) — Os cinco gêneros primeiros: O Ser, o Repouso e o Movimento; O Mesmo e o Outro
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- Plotino - Tratado 43,13 (VI, 2, 13) — Eliminar outros gêneros: a quantidade
- Plotino - Tratado 43,14 (VI, 2, 14) — Eliminar outros gêneros: a qualidade
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- Plotino - Tratado 43,21 (VI, 2, 21) — Os gêneros primeiros e suas espécies: vinda ao ser da multiplicidade no Intelecto
- Plotino - Tratado 43,22 (VI, 2, 22) — Os gêneros primeiros e suas espécies: vinda ao ser da multiplicidade no Intelecto