Página inicial > Antiguidade > Neoplatonismo > Plotino (séc. III) > Enéada VI > Enéada VI, 2 (43) > Plotino - Tratado 43,10 (VI, 2, 10) — Eliminar outros gêneros: o uno-ser
Plotino - Tratado 43,10 (VI, 2, 10) — Eliminar outros gêneros: o uno-ser
sábado 18 de junho de 2022, por
Igal
10 —En cuanto que es un uno, ya no es una, pues por ser un uno, ya es múltiple. Pero cada especie del Ser es una equívocamente. La especie es, efectivamente, multiplicidad, de suerte que es una, en este caso, al modo de un ejército o un coro. No se da en las especies, por tanto, el uno de allá; así que el uno no es común, ni se veía el mismo uno en el Ser y en los Seres particulares. Luego el uno no es género. En efecto, donde se verifica un género cualquiera, ya no se verifican sus contrarios, mientras que, en todo ser en que se verifique a la vez el uno y su contrario, no se verificará el uno como género. En consecuencia, el uno no se verificará como género ni en ninguno de los géneros primarios en los que se verifique el uno, puesto que aun el Uno-Ser no es más uno que múltiple ni ninguno de los demás géneros es uno en tal manera que no sea múltiple, ni en ninguno de los posteriores a aquéllos, que son completamente múltiples. Y, en general, ningún uno es género, de suerte que si el uno fuera género, dejaría de ser uno. Porque «el uno no es número», pero si se hiciera género, sería número. Además, el uno es uno numéricamente, porque si fuera uno genéricamente, no sería uno primariamente. Además, del mismo modo que, en los números, el uno no se predica de ellos como género, sino que se predica, sí, como presente en ellos, pero no se predica como género, así, si el uno se da en los Seres, tampoco podrán ser género ni del Ser, ni de los demás géneros, ni de ninguno de los Seres. Además, del mismo modo que lo simple podrá, sí, ser principio de lo no simple, empero no género, a la vez que principio, de lo no simple, ya que, en ese caso, aun lo no simple sería simple, así también, en el uno, si el uno es principio, no podrá ser género de los posteriores a él. No lo será, pues, ni del Ser ni de los demás. Pero de ser género, lo sería de los unos particulares, por ejemplo si uno pretendiera separar el uno de la Esencia. Sería género, por tanto, de algunos unos. Porque del mismo modo que el Ser no es género de todos los Seres, sino de los Seres que son especies, así también el uno sería género de los unos que son especies particulares. ¿Qué diferencia hay, pues, entre especie y especie en unidad como hay diferencia de Ser entre especie y especie?
—Pero si el uno se condivide con el Ser y con la Esencia y el Ser es género por razón de su división y porque aparece el mismo en muchos, ¿por qué el uno no ha de poder ser género, puesto que aparece tan múltiple como la Esencia y se divide en un número igual de partes?
—En primer lugar, no se sigue forzosamente que si una cosa está presente en muchos, sea género ni de las cosas mismas en las que está presente ni de las demás. Y, en general, si una cosa es común, no se sigue en absoluto que sea género. Es un hecho, al menos, que el punto, aunque presente en las líneas, no es género ni de las líneas ni en absoluto. Y, como decíamos, tampoco el uno que está presente en los números es género ni de los números ni de las demás cosas. Porque lo que es común y es uno en muchos debe servirse de diferencias propias y crear especies, y eso, dentro de la quididad. Ahora bien, ¿cuáles pueden ser las diferencias del no? ¿Qué clase de especies genera? Pero si crea las mismas especies que hay en el Ser, será idéntico al Ser, y así, el otro será un mero nombre; basta el Ser.
Bouillet
X. En quel sens donc chacun des éléments de l’Être peut-il être dit un? En ce qu’il est quelque chose d’un sans être l’Un même : car ce qui est quelque chose d’un est déjà multiple; chaque espèce n’est une que par homonymie ; en elle-même elle est multiple. C’est dans le même sens que, dans ce monde sensible, nous disons qu’une armée, un chœur sont quelque chose d’un ; or l’Un absolu ne se trouve pas dans ces choses ; on ne peut donc dire que l’un soit quelque chose de commun. L’un ne se trouve pas plus daris l’Être même ni dans les êtres individuels ; il n’est donc pas un genre. Quand un genre s’affirme d’une chose, on ne pourrait affirmer de cette même chose des propriétés contraires : or on peut dire que chacun des éléments de l’Être universel est un sous un rapport et on peut également en affirmer le contraire; il en résulte qu’après avoir affirmé d’un être l’un en sa qualité de genre, on affirmerait ensuite au sujet du même être que l’un n’est pas un genre. L’un de saurait donc être affirmé des genres premiers comme genre : car l’Être n’est pas plus un que multiple. Quant aux autres genres, aucun d’eux n’est un sans être multiple; on pourrait bien moins encore affirmer l’un des genres du dernier ordre dont chacun est tout à fait multiple. Au reste, aucun genre pris dans sa totalité n’est un ; en sorte que si l’un était genre, il cesserait par cela même d’être un: car l’un n’est pas un nombre, et cependant en devenant genre il deviendrait nombre. Il y a bien dans les nombres ce qu’on appelle l’unité, mais si l’on veut en faire un genre, ce n’est plus l’Un proprement dit. Dans les nombres, l’unité n’est pas affirmée d’eux comme un genre : on dit de l’unité qu’elle se trouve dans les nombres, mais non qu’elle en est un genre; de même, si l’un était parmi les êtres, il n’y serait pas comme genre de l’être, ni des autres choses, ni de toutes les choses. De même encore que le simple est le principe du composé sans être genre par rapport à lui (car alors il faudrait qu’il fut à la fois simple et composé), de même, si l’un est considéré comme principe (25), il ne pourra être genre par rapport aux choses qui sont au-dessous de lut; il ne sera donc ni genre de l’Être, ni genre des autres choses.
Si l’on faisait de l’un un genre, il ne pourrait l’être que par rapport aux choses dont chacune est dite une (26), comme si, par exemple, on séparait de l’essence l’unité qui s’y trouve. L’un serait alors le genre de certaines choses : car de même que l’Être est genre, non par rapport à toutes choses, mais par rapport aux espèces qui possèdent l’être, de même l’un serait genre par rapport aux espèces qui possèdent l’unité. Or cela ne se peut : car il n’y a pas une différence entre une chose et une autre par rapport à l’unité, comme il y en a une par rapport à l’être. — Si l’on applique à l’un [dira-ton] les mêmes divisions qu’à l’être, et si l’être est un genre parce qu’il se divise et qu’il se manifeste le même dans une pluralité de choses, pourquoi l’un, qui nous apparaît dans autant de choses que l’être et qui se divise comme lui, ne serait-il pas aussi un genre? — C’est que lorsqu’une chose se retrouve dans plusieurs êtres, il ne s’ensuit nullement qu’elle soit un genre, soit par rapport aux êtres dans lesquels elle se trouve, soit par rapport à d’autres ; ce qui est commun à plusieurs êtres ne constitue pas nécessairement un genre. Le point se trouve dans toutes les lignes : est-il un genre pour les lignes ou pour quoi que ce soit? L’unité, nous l’avons déjà dit, se trouve dans tout nombre, et cependant elle n’est point un genre pour les nombres ni pour aucune autre chose. Pour former un genre, il faut que ce qui est commun et un dans plusieurs choses admette des différences spécifiques, constitue des espèces et s’affirme de l’essence. Mais quelles différences spécifiques trouve-t-on dans l’un? Quelles espèces forme-t-il? Si l’on répondait qu’il forme les mêmes espèces que l’être, c’est qu’alors il se confond avec l’être; ce n’est plus [comme nous l’avons déjà dit] qu’un autre nom de l’être ; or l’être suffit.
Guthrie
ELEMENTS OF ESSENCE CAN BE SAID TO BE ONE’ ONLY FIGURATIVELY.
10. In what sense, therefore, could each of the elements of essence be called "one"? In that it is something unitary, without being unity itself; for what is a "certain one" is already manifold. No species is "one" except figuratively; for in itself it is manifold. It is in the same sense that, in this sense-world, we say that an army, or a choric ballet, constitute a unity. Not in such things is absolute unity; and therefore it may not be said that unity is something common. Neither does unity reside in essence itself, nor in the individual essences; therefore, it is not a genus. When a genus is predicated of something, it is impossible to predicate of the same thing contrary properties; but of each of the elements of universal essence it is possible to assert both unity and its opposite. Consequently (if we have called unity a genus), after having predicated of some essence unity as a genus, we would have affirmed, of the same essence, that unity was not a genus. Unity, therefore, could not be considered one of the primary genera; for essence is no more one than it is manifold. As to the other genera, none of them is one without being manifold; much less could unity be predicated of the secondary genera of which each is quite manifold. Besides, no genus, considered in its totality, is unitary; so that if unity were a genus, it would merely thereby cease being unity; for unity is not a number, and nevertheless it would become a number in becoming a genus. Of course, numbers include an alleged unity, as soon as we try to erect it into a genus, it is no longer a unity, in a strict sense. Among numbers unity is not applied to them as would have been a genus; of such unity it is merely said that it is among numbers, not that it is a genus; likewise, if unity were among the essences, it would not be there as genus of essence, nor of anything else, nor of all things. Again, just as the simple is the principle of the composite without being considered a genus in respect to it — then it would be simultaneously simple and composite — so, if one were considered to be a principle, it could not be a genus in respect to things subsumed under it; and therefore will be a genus neither for essence, nor for other (categories or things).
VARIOUS ARGUMENTS AGAINST UNITY AS A CATEGORY.
If unity were to be considered a genus, it could be that only in respect to the things of which each is said to be one; as if, for instance, one should, from "being," deduce the unity contained within it. Unity would then be the genus of certain things; for just as essence is a genus, not in respect to all things, but in respect to those species that possess essence, so unity would be a genus in respect to the species that possess unity. This, however, is impossible; for things do not differ in respect to unity, as they do in respect to essence.
It might further be objected that if the same divisions which were applied to essence were applied to unity, and if essence be a genus because it divides itself, and manifests itself as the same in a number of things, why then should unity also not be a genus, since it appears in as many things as essence, and similarly divides itself? Mere recurrence of something in several essences is no proof it is a genus; whether in respect to the essences in which it occurs, or to others. Merely being common to several essences by no means constitutes a genus. No one will claim that a point is a genus for lines or for anything else, though points be found in all lines. As said, unity is found in every number, and nevertheless it is not a genus for any number, or for anything else. The formation of a genus demands that what is common to several things show specific differences, consituting species, and be predicated of what exists. But what are the specific differences within unity? What species does it form? If to this it be answered that it forms the same species as essence, then it blends with essence, and (unity) is (as said above), only another name for essence; and essence, as category, suffices.
MacKenna
10. In what sense is the particular manifestation of Being a unity? Clearly, in so far as it is one thing, it forfeits its unity; with "one" and "thing" we have already plurality. No species can be a unity in more than an equivocal sense: a species is a plurality, so that the "unity" here is that of an army or a chorus. The unity of the higher order does not belong to species; unity is, thus, ambiguous, not taking the same form in Being and in particular beings.
It follows that unity is not a genus. For a genus is such that wherever it is affirmed its opposites cannot also be affirmed; anything of which unity and its opposites are alike affirmed - and this implies the whole of Being - cannot have unity as a genus. Consequently unity can be affirmed as a genus neither of the primary genera - since the unity of Being is as much a plurality as a unity, and none of the other [primary] genera is a unity to the entire exclusion of plurality - nor of things posterior to Being, for these most certainly are a plurality. In fact, no genus with all its items can be a unity; so that unity to become a genus must forfeit its unity. The unit is prior to number; yet number it must be, if it is to be a genus.
Again, the unit is a unit from the point of view of number: if it is a unit generically, it will not be a unit in the strict sense.
Again, just as the unit, appearing in numbers, not regarded as a genus predicated of them, but is thought of as inherent in them, so also unity, though present in Being, cannot stand as genus to Being or to the other genera or to anything whatever.
Further, as the simplex must be the principle of the non-simplex, though not its genus - for then the non-simplex too would be simplex, - so it stands with unity; if unity is a Principle; it cannot be a genus to its subsequents, and therefore cannot be a genus of Being or of other things. If it is nevertheless to be a genus, everything of which it is a genus must be taken as a unit - a notion which implies the separation of unity from substance: it will not, therefore, be all-embracing. just as Being is not a genus of everything but only of species each of which is a being, so too unity will be a genus of species each of which is a unity. But that raises the question of what difference there is between one thing and another in so far as they are both units, corresponding to the difference between one being and another.
Unity, it may be suggested, is divided in its conjunction with Being and Substance; Being because it is so divided is considered a genus - the one genus manifested in many particulars; why then should not unity be similarly a genus, inasmuch as its manifestations are as many as those of Substance and it is divided into as many particulars?
In the first place, the mere fact that an entity inheres in many things is not enough to make it a genus of those things or of anything else: in a word, a common property need not be a genus. The point inherent in a line is not a genus of lines, or a genus at all; nor again, as we have observed, is the unity latent in numbers a genus either of the numbers or of anything else: genus demands that the common property of diverse objects involve also differences arising out of its own character, that it form species, and that it belong to the essence of the objects. But what differences can there be in unity? What species does it engender? If it produces the same species as we find in connection with Being, it must be identical with Being: only the name will differ, and the term Being may well suffice.
Ver online : Plotino
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- Plotino - Tratado 43,2 (VI, 2, 2) — O ser, é o uno-múltiplo da segunda hipótese da segunda parte do Parmênides
- Plotino - Tratado 43,3 (VI, 2, 3) — O ser, é o uno-múltiplo da segunda hipótese da segunda parte do Parmênides
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