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Plotino - Tratado 38,9 (VI, 7, 9) — Os animais irracionais também se encontram no inteligível
sábado 26 de março de 2022, por
Míguez
9. Admitido, dirá alguien; nada impide que contenga los anímales más nobles; pero, ¿cómo podrá encerrar en sí animales ruines e irracionales? Resulta evidente que un ser es vil por irracional, ya que la razón es lo que ennoblece a un ser. Si su nobleza hay que atribuirla a la inteligencia, la falta de ella habrá que atribuiría también a la falta de inteligencia. ¿Cómo, pues, un ser falto de inteligencia y de razón podría existir en esa Inteligencia donde se halla todo ser y de la que todo ser procede?
Antes de que tratemos este tema y de que respondamos a esta pregunta, precisemos bien que el hombre sensible no es exactamente como el hombre inteligible, de modo que tampoco los demás animales sensibles son semejantes a los animales inteligibles. Además, quizá se dé en este mundo un hombre racional, pero allá, en el otro, no acontece lo mismo; allá no hay ser racional, sino ser más que racional. ¿Por qué, pues, nos preguntaremos, este hombre de aquí abajo es el único ser racional? En el mundo inteligible se dan diferencias entre la inteligencia del hombre y las inteligencias de los demás animales, diferencias que también alcanzan a la razón. Efectivamente; en animales que no son el hombre hay muchos actos que tienen el carácter de reflexivos; ¿por qué no considerarlos entonces como racionales, aunque no en la misma medida? ¿Por qué, además, todos los hombres no son igualmente racionales?
Convendrá pensar que estas vidas múltiples, semejantes a movimientos, y estos pensamientos múltiples no podrán ser los mismos; al contrario, hemos de advertir que se dan diferencias en las vidas y en los pensamientos. Así, hay unas vidas que son más luminosas y más claras, y otras que siguen a éstas formando el primero, el segundo y el tercer rango. Pero hay también diversidad de pensamientos: por ejemplo, los de los dioses, los que corresponden al segundo rango en el que se encuentra el que aquí recibe el nombre de ser racional, y los de los llamados seres sin razón. Sin embargo, en el mundo inteligible el ser llamado irracional es razón, lo mismo que el ser sin inteligencia es inteligencia, porque el que piensa un caballo es una inteligencia, y el pensamiento de un caballo es igualmente una inteligencia, Si ella fuese sólo pensamiento, no resultaría absurdo que fuese asimismo pensamiento de un ser que carece de él; pero, puesto que el pensamiento es idéntico a su objeto, ¿cómo podría ser ella pensamiento, si su objeto no lo es? La inteligencia, en este caso, se nos volvería inteligencia ininteligente. Pero ello ciertamente no ocurre, sino que la inteligencia se hace tal inteligencia, como la vida se hace una determinada vida. Ahora bien, al igual que una vida, sea ésta cual sea, no deja de ser una vida, así también una inteligencia, por mucho que se particularice, no deja de ser una inteligencia; porque la inteligencia que tiene por objeto un animal cualquiera, no por eso omite el pensar todas las cosas, como acontece en el caso del hombre, ya que cada inteligencia parcial que escogiésemos es a la vez todas las cosas, aunque en un sentido distinto a la inteligencia universal. Es, digamos, una cosa en acto, pero todas las cosas en potencia.
Verdaderamente, tomamos de cada ser lo que está en acto; pero lo que está en acto ocupa en él el último lugar, de manera que por su parte inferior la inteligencia es el pensamiento de un caballo y, por ello mismo, en su avance hacia una vida más baja, se detuvo precisamente ahí, permitiendo que otra se detenga todavía más abajo. Las potencias de la inteligencia dejan siempre, al desarrollarse, algo hacia arriba; abandonan algo a medida de su avance, esto es, ahora una cosa, luego otra, y, ante las deficiencias del animal, que aparece por las faltas que decimos, descubre la inteligencia misma lo que conviene que se le añada; de este modo, si no tiene recursos suficientes para su vida, se le aparecen las uñas, las garras, los dientes agudos o los cuernos. Con ello, a medida que desciende la inteligencia se endereza de nuevo y tiende a bastarse por sí misma, encontrando así un remedio a las faltas de los seres.
Bouillet
IX. Admettons, dira-t-on, que l’Intelligence renferme les idées des animaux d’un ordre relevé. Mais comment se fait-il qu’elle renferme aussi les idées des animaux vils et privés de raison ? Car on doit regarder comme vil tout animal privé de raison et d’intelligence, puisque c’est à ces facultés que celui qui les possède doit sa noblesse.— Sans doute il est difficile de comprendre comment les choses privées d’intelligence et de raison existent dans l’Intelligence divine, dans laquelle sont tous les êtres et de laquelle tous procèdent. Mais avant d’aborder la discussion de cette question, prenons comme accordées les vérités suivantes : L’homme ici-bas n’est pas ce qu’est l’homme dans l’intelligence divine, non plus que les autres animaux ; il existe dans son sein, ainsi qu’eux, d’une manière plus relevée ; en outre, on ne trouve en elle aucun être appelé raisonnable : car c’est ici-bas seulement qu’on fait usage de la raison : là-haut, il n’y a que des actes supérieurs à la raison discursive (43). — Pourquoi donc l’homme est-il ici-bas le seul animal qui fasse usage de la raison? — C’est que l’intelligence de l’homme étant, dans le inonde intelligible, différente de celle des autres animaux, sa raison doit aussi différer ici-bas de leur raison : car on voit dans les autres animaux mêmes beaucoup d’actes qui impliquent l’usage de l’entendement. —Mais pourquoi tous les animaux ne sont-ils pas également raisonnables? — Pourquoi tous les hommes ne le sont-ils pas non plus [demanderons-nous à notre tour] ? Réfléchissons-y bien : toutes ces vies, qui représentent autant de mouvements, toutes ces intelligences, qui forment une pluralité, ne pouvaient pas être identiques. Il fallait donc qu’elles différassent entre elles, et leur différence devait consister à manifester plus ou moins clairement l’intelligence et la vie : celles qui occupent le premier rang sont distinguées par les premières différences, celles qui occupent le deuxième rang par les différences de deuxième espèce, et ainsi de suite. Ainsi, parmi les intelligences, les unes constituent les dieux, les autres les êtres placés au deuxième rang et doués de raison; d’autres enfin les êtres que nous appelons privés de raison. Mais cette nature même que nous appelons ici privée de raison et d’intelligence est raison et intelligence dans le monde intelligible. En effet, celui qui pense le cheval intelligible, par exemple, est intelligence tout comme l’est la pensée même du cheval. Si rien n’existait que la pensée, il n’y aurait rien d’absurde à ce que cette pensée, tout en étant intellectuelle, eût pour objet un être privé d’intelligence. Mais, puisque la pensée et la chose pensée ne font qu’un, comment la pensée pourrait-elle être intellectuelle sans que la chose pensée le fût également? Pour que cela eût lieu, il faudrait que l’intelligence se rendît elle-même pour ainsi dire inintelligente. Mais il n’en est pas ainsi. La chose pensée est une intelligence déterminée, comme elle est une vie déterminée. Or, de même qu’aucune vie, quelle qu’elle soit, ne peut être privée de la vitalité, aucune intelligence déterminée ne peut être privée de l’intellectualité. L’intelligence même qui est propre à un animal, à l’homme par exemple, ne cesse pas d’être l’intelligence de toutes choses: quelque partie que vous preniez en elle, elle est toutes choses, mais d’une manière différente ; elle est une chose particulière en acte, elle est toutes choses en puissance. Nous ne saisissons dans chaque chose particulière que ce qu’elle est en acte. Or ce qui est en acte [une chose particulière] occupe le dernier rang. Telle est dans l’intelligence l’idée du cheval, par exemple. L’Intelligence, dans sa procession continue vers une vie moins parfaite, constitue à un certain degré le cheval, et à un degré inférieur, un animal encore inférieur : car plus les puissances de l’Intelligence se développent, plus elles deviennent imparfaites. Dans leur procession, elles perdent à chaque degré quelque chose, et comme c’est un moindre degré d’être qui constitue tel ou tel animal, son infériorité se rachète par quelque chose de nouveau. Ainsi, à mesure que la vie est moins complète dans l’animal, apparaissent les ongles, les serres , ou les cornes et les dents. Partout où l’intelligence baisse d’un côté, elle se relève d’un autre côté par la plénitude de sa nature, et elle trouve en elle-même de quoi compenser ce qui manque (44).
Guthrie
MANY ANIMALS ARE NOT SO IRRATIONAL AS DIFFERENT.
9. It may be objected that Intelligence might (well) contain the ideas of animals of a higher order. But how can it contain the ideas of animals that are vile, or entirely without reason? For we should consider vile every animal devoid of reason and intelligence, since it is to these faculties that those who possess them owe their nobility. It is doubtless difficult to understand how things devoid of reason and intelligence can exist in the divine Intelligence, in which are all beings, and from which they all proceed. But before beginning the discussion of this question, let us assume the following verities as granted: Man here below is not what is man in the divine Intelligence, any more than the other animals. Like them, in a higher form, he dwells within (the divine Intelligence); besides, no being called reasonable may be found within it, for it is only here below that reason is employed; on high the only acts are those superior to discursive reason.
Why then is man here below the only animal who makes use of reason? Because the intelligence of Man, in the intelligible world, is different from that of other animals, and so his reason here below must differ from their reason; for it can be seen that many actions of other animals imply the use of judgment.
(In reply, it might be asked) why are not all animals equally rational? And why are not all men also equally rational? Let us reflect: all these lives, which represent as many movements; all these intelligences, which form a plurality; could not be identical. Therefore they had to differ among each other, and their difference had to consist in manifesting more or less clearly life and intelligence; those that occupy the first rank are distinguished by primary differences; those that occupy the second rank, by secondary differences; and so forth. Thus, amidst intelligences, some constitute the divinities, others the beings placed in the second rank, and gifted with reason; further, other beings that we here call deprived of reason and intelligence really were reason and intelligence in the intelligible world. Indeed, he who thinks the intelligible Horse, for instance, is Intelligence, just as is the very thought of the horse. If nothing but thought existed, there would be nothing absurd in that this thought, while being intellectual, might, as object, have a being devoid of intelligence. But since thought and the object thought fuse, how could thought be intellectual unless the object thought were so likewise? To effect this, Intelligence would, so to speak, have to render itself unintelligent. But it is not so. The thing thought is a determinate intelligence, just as it is a determinate life. Now, just as no life, whatever it be, can be deprived of vitality, so no determinate intelligence can be deprived of intellectuality. The very intelligence which is proper to an animal, such as, for instance, man, does not cease being intelligence of all things; whichever of its parts you choose to consider, it is all things, only in a different manner; while it is a single thing in actualization, it is all things in potentiality. However, in any one particular thing, we grasp only what it is in actualization. Now what is in actualization (that is, a particular thing), occupies the last rank. Such, in Intelligence, for instance, is the idea of the Horse. In its procession, Intelligence continues towards a less perfect life, and at a certain degree constitutes a horse, and at some inferior degree, constitutes some animal still inferior; for the greater the development of the powers of Intelligence, the more imperfect these become. At each degree in their procession they lose something; and as it is a lower degree of essence that constitutes some particular animal, its inferiority is redeemed by something new. Thus, in the measure that life is less complete in the animal, appear nails, claws, or horns, or teeth. Everywhere that Intelligence diminishes on one side, it rises on another side by the fulness of its nature, and it finds in itself the resources by which to compensate for whatever it may lack.
MacKenna
9. Admitted, then - it will be said - for the nobler forms of life; but how can the divine contain the mean, the unreasoning? The mean is the unreasoning, since value depends upon reason and the worth of the intellective implies worthlessness where intellection is lacking. Yet how can there be question of the unreasoning or unintellective when all particulars exist in the divine and come forth from it?
In taking up the refutation of these objections, we must insist upon the consideration that neither man nor animals here can be thought of as identical with the counterparts in the higher realm; those ideal forms must be taken in a larger way. And again the reasoning thing is not of that realm: here the reasoning, There the pre-reasoning.
Why then does man alone reason here, the others remaining reasonless?
Degrees of reasoning here correspond to degrees of Intellection in that other sphere, as between man and the other living beings There; and those others do in some measure act by understanding.
But why are they not at man’s level of reason: why also the difference from man to man?
We must reflect that, since the many forms of lives are movements - and so with the Intellections - they cannot be identical: there must be different lives, distinct intellections, degrees of lightsomeness and clarity: there must be firsts, seconds, thirds, determined by nearness to the Firsts. This is how some of the Intellections are gods, others of a secondary order having what is here known as reason, while others again belong to the so-called unreasoning: but what we know here as unreasoning was There a Reason-Principle; the unintelligent was an Intellect; the Thinker of Horse was Intellect and the Thought, Horse, was an Intellect.
But [it will be objected] if this were a matter of mere thinking we might well admit that the intellectual concept, remaining concept, should take in the unintellectual, but where concept is identical with thing how can the one be an Intellection and the other without intelligence? Would not this be Intellect making itself unintelligent?
No: the thing is not unintelligent; it is Intelligence in a particular mode, corresponding to a particular aspect of Life; and just as life in whatever form it may appear remains always life, so Intellect is not annulled by appearing in a certain mode. Intellectual-Principle adapted to some particular living being does not cease to be the Intellectual-Principle of all, including man: take it where you will, every manifestation is the whole, though in some special mode; the particular is produced but the possibility is of all. In the particular we see the Intellectual-Principle in realization; the realized is its latest phase; in one case the last aspect is "horse"; at "horse" ended the progressive outgoing towards the lesser forms of life, as in another case it will end at something lower still. The unfolding of the powers of this Principle is always attended by some abandonment in regard to the highest; the outgoing is by loss, and by this loss the powers become one thing or another according to the deficiency of the life-form produced by the failing principle; it is then that they find the means of adding various requisites; the safeguards of the life becoming inadequate there appear nail, talon, fang, horn. Thus the Intellectual-Principle by its very descent is directed towards the perfect sufficiency of the natural constitution, finding there within itself the remedy of the failure.
Ver online : Plotino
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- Plotino - Tratado 38,3 (VI, 7, 3) — As formas e as sensações
- Plotino - Tratado 38,4 (VI, 7, 4) — Examinar o que é o homem
- Plotino - Tratado 38,5 (VI, 7, 5) — Homem como uma alma
- Plotino - Tratado 38,6 (VI, 7, 6) — A forma do homem, a razão do homem e o homem sensível
- Plotino - Tratado 38,7 (VI, 7, 7) — A alma e as razões
- Plotino - Tratado 38,8 (VI, 7, 8) — Os animais devem existir no inteligível
- Plotino - Tratado 38,10 (VI, 7, 10) — No inteligível toda coisa compreende sua "razão"
- Plotino - Tratado 38,11 (VI, 7, 11) — Todos os seres possuem uma alma
- Plotino - Tratado 38,12 (VI, 7, 12) — O inteligível é um "vivente total"
- Plotino - Tratado 38,13 (VI, 7, 13) — A unidade do inteligível admite a multiplicidade das formas
- Plotino - Tratado 38,14 (VI, 7, 14) — Multiplicidade das formas de todos os viventes
- Plotino - Tratado 38,15 (VI, 7, 15) — O Intelecto e a vida inteligível não são senão uma imagem do Bem
- Plotino - Tratado 38,16 (VI, 7, 16) — Em que sentido o inteligível é uma imagem do Bem?
- Plotino - Tratado 38,17 (VI, 7, 17) — O Intelecto e as formas provêm do Bem
- Plotino - Tratado 38,18 (VI, 7, 18) — O Intelecto e as formas provêm do Bem
- Plotino - Tratado 38,19 (VI, 7, 19) — Em qual sentido o Bem é um objeto de desejo para a alma?
- Plotino - Tratado 38,20 (VI, 7, 20) — Em qual sentido o Bem é um objeto de desejo para a alma?
- Plotino - Tratado 38,21 (VI, 7, 21) — A alma deseja o Intelecto
- Plotino - Tratado 38,22 (VI, 7, 22) — O Intelecto é uma imagem do Bem
- Plotino - Tratado 38,23 (VI, 7, 23) — A alma tem acesso ao Bem
- Plotino - Tratado 38,24 (VI, 7, 24) — Definição do Bem como objeto de desejo da alma
- Plotino - Tratado 38,25 (VI, 7, 25) — O Bem é o que se encontra no topo do real
- Plotino - Tratado 38,26 (VI, 7, 26) — O Bem não é objeto de desejo porque é uma fonte de prazer
- Plotino - Tratado 38,27 (VI, 7, 27) — O Bem é, para cada realidade, o que vem antes dela
- Plotino - Tratado 38,28 (VI, 7, 28) — Pode haver um bem para a matéria?
- Plotino - Tratado 38,29 (VI, 7, 29) — O Bem procura uma forma de prazer
- Plotino - Tratado 38,30 (VI, 7, 30) — Mistura de prazer e inteligência
- Plotino - Tratado 38,31 (VI, 7, 31) — A subida da alma para o Bem
- Plotino - Tratado 38,32 (VI, 7, 32) — A alma se dirige para o que é desprovido de forma
- Plotino - Tratado 38,33 (VI, 7, 33) — O desprovido de forma como fonte da beleza
- Plotino - Tratado 38,34 (VI, 7, 34) — Além do Intelecto, a alma realiza a união com ela mesma
- Plotino - Tratado 38,35 (VI, 7, 35) — Indo além do Intelecto, a alma reencontra seu princípio
- Plotino - Tratado 38,36 (VI, 7, 36) — Posição do problema: pode-se dizer que o Bem pensa?
- Plotino - Tratado 38,37 (VI, 7, 37) — Exame e refutação da doutrina aristotélica de um Intelecto primeiro
- Plotino - Tratado 38,38 (VI, 7, 38) — A doutrina platônica do ser e do conhecimento
- Plotino - Tratado 38,39 (VI, 7, 39) — A doutrina platônica do ser e do conhecimento
- Plotino - Tratado 38,40 (VI, 7, 40) — A condição do Bem, que é absolutamente um, primeiro e autárcico
- Plotino - Tratado 38,41 (VI, 7, 41) — O Ato de Pensar
- Plotino - Tratado 38,42 (VI, 7, 42) — A hierarquia do real