Página inicial > Antiguidade > Neoplatonismo > Plotino (séc. III) > Enéada V > Enéada V, 5 (32) > Plotino - Tratado 32,6 (V, 5, 6) — Sobre a natureza do Uno
Plotino - Tratado 32,6 (V, 5, 6) — Sobre a natureza do Uno
terça-feira 14 de junho de 2022, por
Míguez
6. Dígase, pues, sobre esto lo que se quiera. Porque esencia que proviene del Uno es forma, y no se puede firmar otra cosa del Uno sino que engendra una forma; pero no se trata de una forma determinada, sino de la forma Universal, que no deja en pos de sí ninguna otra forma, ya que es necesario que el Uno no posea forma. Al no poseer forma, tampoco es esencia, porque la esencia debe ser algo, esto e s, un ser determinado. Pero, en verdad, no se puede aprehender el Uno como si fuese algo, porque entonces ya no sería el principio, sino ese ser del que se habla. Si, pues, en el ser engendrado se contienen todas las cosas, ¿por cuál de ellas designaríais el Uno? Porque, no siendo ninguna de las cosas, únicamente podría decirse que está más allá de ellas. Pero estas cosas son los seres y el ser, lo cual quiere decir que está más allá del ser. Con lo cual no se quiere indicar que sea algo determinado — porque nada se afirma de El —, sino que se dice su nombre, expresando tan sólo lo que no es. Pero, con esto, no se le abarca en modo alguno y sería ridículo tratar de abarcar una naturaleza tan inmensa como la suya. Querer hacerlo es como alejarse del camino que nos conduce a la débil huella que tenemos de El. Pues, del mismo modo que si queremos contemplar la naturaleza inteligible no hemos de poseer ninguna imagen de las cosas sensibles y dirigirnos en cambio a lo que se encuentra más allá de lo sensible, de igual manera si queremos contemplar lo que está más allá de lo inteligible, hemos de prescindir de todo lo inteligible; porque se conoce su existencia gracias a lo inteligible, pero para conocer lo que El es hemos de dejar a un lado lo inteligible. Su cualidad no se aparece porque no la tiene, y es necesario que así sea porque no se podría decir lo que es. De tal modo que sumimos en nuestra propia perplejidad respecto a lo que hemos de decir, hablando de algo que es inefable y de alguna manera para que se nos muestre a nosotros mismos en la medida en que esto es posible. Pues, el nombre Uno sólo indica negación con respecto a la multiplicidad; de ahí que los pitagóricos lo designasen entre ellos, simbólicamente, con el nombre de Apolo, como negación que es de la pluralidad. Si la palabra uno y la cosa que designa tuviesen algún sentido, todavía se nos mostraría menos claro que si careciese de nombre. Porque hablamos del Uno para comenzar la investigación con aquello que encierra más simplicidad, aunque finalmente hayamos de negarle este mismo atributo, que no es más digno que los demás para designar una naturaleza que no puede ser aprehendida por el oído ni por aquel que escucha su nombre, sino tan sólo por el que ve. Pero aun el que ve, si quisiese contemplar su forma, no podría llegar a hacerlo.
Bouillet
VI. Quelle que soit la valeur de ces étymologies, comme l’essence engendrée est une forme (car on ne saurait donner un autre nom à ce qui est engendré par l’Un), comme elle est, non une forme particulière, mais toute forme, sans aucune exception, il est nécessaire que l’Un n’ait pas de forme (ἀνείδεον) (10). N’ayant pas de forme, il ne peut être essence : car l’essence doit être quelque chose d’individuel, c’est-à-dire de déterminé. Or l’Un ne saurait être conçu comme quelque chose de déterminé : car alors il ne serait plus principe ; ii serait seulement la chose déterminée qu’on lui aurait attribuée. Si toutes choses sont dans ce qui est engendré, aucune d’elles ne saurait être l’Un. Si l’Un n’est aucune d’elles, il ne peut être que ce qui est au-dessus d’elles; par conséquent, comme ces choses sont les êtres et l’être, l’Un est au-dessus de l’être (ἐπέκεινα ὄντος). En effet, en disant que l’Un est au-dessus de l’être, on ne dit pas qu’il est quelque chose de déterminé, on n’en affirme rien, on ne prétend pas même lui assigner ainsi un nom ; on avance seulement qu’il n’est pas telle ou telle chose; on n’a pas la prétention de l’embrasser : il serait absurde de prétendre embrasser une nature infinie (ἄπλετος φύσις). Prétendre le faire, c’est s’éloigner de lui et perdre la légère trace qu’on en avait. Quand on veut voir l’essence intelligible, il faut n’avoir plus présente à l’esprit aucune image des choses sensibles afin de contempler ce qui est au-dessus d’elles; de même, quand on veut contempler Celui qui est au-dessus de l’intelligible, on doit laisser de côté tout intelligible pour contempler l’Un; on saura de cette manière qu’il est, sans essayer de déterminer ce qu’il est. Au reste, en parlant de l’Un, on ne peut indiquer ce qu’il est (οἷον) qu’en disant ce qu’il n’est pas (οὐχ οἷον) (11). Car on ne saurait énoncer ce qu’est un principe dont on ne peut dire : il est ceci ou cela (τὸ τί). Hais nous autres hommes, dans nos doutes semblables aux douleurs de l’enfantement, nous ne savons comment appeler ce principe ; nous parlons de ce qui est ineffable et nous lui donnons un nom, pour nous le désigner comme nous le pouvons. Le nom même d’Un n’exprime autre chose que la négation de la pluralité. C’est pour cette raison que les Pythagoriciens (12) désignaient entre eux ce principe d’une manière symbolique en l’appelant Apollon, Ἀπόλλων [de ἀ-πολύς], nom qui est la négation même de la pluralité. Si l’on veut au contraire attacher au nom d’Un un sens positif, le nom et l’objet nommé deviendront alors plus obscurs que si l’on s’abstenait de regarder le nom d’Un comme le nom propre du premier principe. Si l’on emploie ce nom, c’est pour que l’esprit qui cherche le premier principe, s’attachant d’abord à ce qui exprime la plus grande simplicité, arrive enfin à rejeter ce nom qui n’a été admis que comme le meilleur possible. En effet, ce nom même n’est pas propre à désigner cette nature, qui ne peut être saisie par l’ouïe, ni comprise de celui qui l’entend nommer ; si elle pouvait être saisie par un sens, ce serait par la vue; encore ne faudrait-il pas chercher à voir une forme : car alors on n’atteindrait pas le premier principe.
Guthrie
THE SUPREME NAMED APOLLO.
6. Whatever be the value of these etymologies, as begotten being is a form — for it would be impossible to give any other designation to that which has been begotten by the One — as it is, not a particular form, but all form, without exception, it evidently results that the One is formless. As it possesses no form, it cannot be "being," for this must be something individual, or determinate. Now the One could not be conceived of as something determined; for then He would no longer be a principle; He would only be the determined thing attributed to Him. If all things be in that which has been begotten, none of them could be unity. If the One be none of them, He cannot be what is above them; consequently, as these things are "essences and essence," the One must be above essence. Indeed, the mere statement that the One is above essence, does not imply any determinateness on His part, affirms nothing concerning Him and does not even undertake to give Him a name. It merely states that He is not this or that. It does not pretend to embrace Him, for it would be absurd to attempt to embrace an infinite nature. Mere attempt to do so would amount to withdrawing from Him, and losing the slight trace of Him thereby implied. To see intelligible Being, and to contemplate that which is above the images of the sense-objects, none of these must remain present to the mind. Likewise, to contemplate Him who is above the intelligible, even all intelligible entities must be left aside to contemplate the One. In this manner we may attain knowledge of His existence, without attempting to determine what He is. Besides, when we speak of the One, it is not possible to indicate His nature without expressing its opposite. It would indeed be impossible to declare what is a principle of which it is impossible to say that it is this or that. All that we human beings can do is to have doubts poignant enough to resemble pangs of childbirth. We do not know how to name this Principle. We merely speak of the unspeakable, and the name we give Him is merely (for the convenience of) referring to Him as best we can. The name "One" expresses no more than negation of the manifold. That is why the Pythagoreans were accustomed, among each other, to refer to this principle in a symbolic manner, calling him Apollo, which name means denial of manifoldness. An attempt to carry out the name of "One" in a positive manner would only result in a greater obscuration of the name and object, than if we abstained from considering the name of "One" as the proper name of the first Principle. The object of the employment of this name is to induce the mind that seeks the first Principle first to give heed to that which expresses the greatest simplicity, and consequently to reject this name which has been proposed as only the best possible. Indeed, this name is not adequate to designate this nature, which can neither be grasped by hearing, nor be understood by any who hears it named. If it could be grasped by any sense, it would be by sight; though even so there must be no expectation of seeing any form; for thus one would not attain the first Principle.
MacKenna
6. All this, however, we may leave to individual judgement: to proceed:
This produced reality is an Ideal form - for certainly nothing springing from the Supreme can be less - and it is not a particular form but the form of all, beside which there is no other; it follows that The First must be without form, and, if without form, then it is no Being; Being must have some definition and therefore be limited; but the First cannot be thought of as having definition and limit, for thus it would be not the Source but the particular item indicated by the definition assigned to it. If all things belong to the produced, which of them can be thought of as the Supreme? Not included among them, this can be described only as transcending them: but they are Being and the Beings; it therefore transcends Being.
Note that the phrase transcending Being assigns no character, makes no assertion, allots no name, carries only the denial of particular being; and in this there is no attempt to circumscribe it: to seek to throw a line about that illimitable Nature would be folly, and anyone thinking to do so cuts himself off from any slightest and most momentary approach to its least vestige.
As one wishing to contemplate the Intellectual Nature will lay aside all the representations of sense and so may see what transcends the sense-realm, in the same way one wishing to contemplate what transcends the Intellectual attains by putting away all that is of the intellect, taught by the intellect, no doubt, that the Transcendent exists but never seeking to define it.
Its definition, in fact, could be only "the indefinable": what is not a thing is not some definite thing. We are in agony for a true expression; we are talking of the untellable; we name, only to indicate for our own use as best we may. And this name, The One, contains really no more than the negation of plurality: under the same pressure the Pythagoreans found their indication in the symbol "Apollo" [a= not; pollon= of many] with its repudiation of the multiple. If we are led to think positively of The One, name and thing, there would be more truth in silence: the designation, a mere aid to enquiry, was never intended for more than a preliminary affirmation of absolute simplicity to be followed by the rejection of even that statement: it was the best that offered, but remains inadequate to express the Nature indicated. For this is a principle not to be conveyed by any sound; it cannot be known on any hearing but, if at all, by vision; and to hope in that vision to see a form is to fail of even that.
Ver online : Plotino
- Plotino - Tratado 32,1 (V, 5, 1) — Porque os inteligíveis não podem se encontrar fora do Intelecto
- Plotino - Tratado 32,2 (V, 5, 2) — O Intelecto contém nele todos os inteligíveis
- Plotino - Tratado 32,3 (V, 5, 3) — O Intelecto é um segundo deus e vem do primeiro deus
- Plotino - Tratado 32,4 (V, 5, 4) — Sobre a relação entre o Uno e os números
- Plotino - Tratado 32,5 (V, 5, 5) — O Uno engendra o resto das coisas, produzindo o ser em primeiro
- Plotino - Tratado 32,7 (V, 5, 7) — Analogia entre o Intelecto e o olho
- Plotino - Tratado 32,8 (V, 5, 8) — A luz do Uno está por toda parte
- Plotino - Tratado 32,9 (V, 5, 9) — O Uno está inteiramente por toda parte
- Plotino - Tratado 32,10 (V, 5, 10) — Como se percebe o Uno
- Plotino - Tratado 32,11 (V, 5, 11) — Os materialistas se privam das divindades, pois elas são imateriais
- Plotino - Tratado 32,12 (V, 5, 12) — A primazia do Bem, que vem mesmo antes do Belo
- Plotino - Tratado 32,13 (V, 5, 13) — A transcendência absoluta do Bem