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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: concrete
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
The reason why I say this is that I want you to agree with me in thinking, not only that absolute greatness will never be great and also small, but that greatness in us or in the concrete will never admit the small or admit of being exceeded : instead of this, one of two things will happen — either the greater will fly or retire before the opposite, which is the less, or at the advance of the less will cease to exist ; but will not, if allowing or admitting smallness, be changed by that ; (…)
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Jowett: non-existence
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Of their existence or of their non-existence ? EUTHYDEMUS
Soc. Well, you have delivered yourself of a very important doctrine about knowledge ; it is indeed the opinion of Protagoras, who has another way of expressing it, Man, he says, is the measure of all things, of the existence of things that are, and of the non-existence of things that are not : — You have read him ? THEAETETUS
Soc. Why, my dear boy, you are young, and therefore your ear is quickly caught and your mind influenced by (…)
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Jowett: concretions
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. If I am not mistaken, I have often repeated that pains and aches and suffering and uneasiness of all sorts arise out of a corruption of nature caused by concretions, and dissolutions, and repletions, and evacuations, and also by growth and decay ? PHILEBUS
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Jowett: non-existent
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Of course, he replied, I and all the world are in a difficulty about the non-existent. EUTHYDEMUS
Then, said Socrates, he desires that what he has at present may be preserved to him in the future, which is equivalent to saying that he desires something which is non-existent to him, and which as yet he has not got. SYMPOSIUM
Str. Then not-being necessarily exists in the case of motion and of every class ; for the nature of the other entering into them all, makes each of them other than (…)
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Jowett: Science of Ideas
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Some God, as it seems plain to me, is preparing for you good fortune in a gracious and bountiful way, if only you accept it with grace. For you dwell near together as neighbors in close association [6.322d] so that you can help one another in the things of greatest importance. For Hermeias will find in his multitude of horses or of other military equipment, or even in the gaining of gold itself, no greater source of power for all purposes than in the gaining of steadfast friends possessed of (…)
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Jowett: number
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Number, said to have been invented by Palamedes, Rep. 7. 522 D (cp. Laws 3. 677 D); number and being, Parm. 144 :—the number of the State, Rep. 8. 546;— number of the citizens, Laws 5. 737. 738; 6- 77i; 9- 877 D;— number of families, not to change, ib. 5. 740:—puzzles caused by numbers, Phaedo 96 E, 101 D : —the odd numbers sacred to the Gods above, the even to those below, Laws 4. 717 A. Socrates : Is the false man, then, false about other things, but not about number, and would he not (…)
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Jowett: absolute ideas
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Then may we not say, Simmias, that if, as we are always repeating, there is an absolute beauty, and goodness, and essence in general, and to this, which is now discovered to be a previous condition of our being, we refer all our sensations, and with this compare them — assuming this to have a prior existence, then our souls must have had a prior existence, but if not, there would be no force in the argument ? There can be no doubt that if these absolute ideas existed before we were born, (…)
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Jowett: nurture
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Cr. Fear not. There are persons who at no great cost are willing to save you and bring you out of prison ; and as for the informers, you may observe that they are far from being exorbitant in their demands ; a little money will satisfy them. My means, which, as I am sure, are ample, are at your service, and if you have a scruple about spending all mine, here are strangers who will give you the use of theirs ; and one of them, Simmias the Theban, has brought a sum of money for this very (…)
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Jowett: higher ideas
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Thus far I have been speaking of the fourth and last kind of madness, which is imputed to him who, when he sees the beauty of earth, is transported with the recollection of the true beauty ; he would like to fly away, but he cannot ; he is like a bird fluttering and looking upward and careless of the world below ; and he is therefore thought to be mad. And I have shown this of all inspirations to be the noblest and highest and the offspring of the highest to him who has or shares in it, and (…)
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Jowett: arithmetic
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And yet surely, my dear friend Ion, in a discussion about arithmetic, where many people are speaking, and one speaks better than the rest, there is somebody who can judge which of them is the good speaker ? ION
Soc. Yes, surely ; for if the subject of knowledge were the same, there would be no meaning in saying that the arts were different, — if they both gave the same knowledge. For example, I know that here are five fingers, and you know the same. And if I were to ask whether I and (…)
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Jowett: ideas themselves
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
I understand, said Socrates, and quite accept your account. But tell me, Zeno, do you not further think that there is an idea of likeness in itself, and another idea of unlikeness, which is the opposite of likeness, and that in these two, you and I and all other things to which we apply the term many, participate — things which participate in likeness become in that degree and manner like ; and so far as they participate in unlikeness become in that degree unlike, or both like and unlike in (…)
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Jowett: arithmetical
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : Tell me, then, Hippias, are you not skillful in arithmetical calculations ? LESSER HIPPIAS
Theaet. You are thinking of being and not being, likeness and unlikeness, sameness and difference, and also of unity and other numbers which are applied to objects of sense ; and you mean to ask, through what bodily organ the soul perceives odd and even numbers and other arithmetical conceptions. THEAETETUS
Ath. All freemen, I conceive, should learn as much of these branches of knowledge (…)
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Jowett: ideas
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Idea, the, prior to the reality, Phaedo 75:—idea of beauty, Euthyd. 301 A :—idea of good the source of truth, Rep. 6. 508 (cp. 505); a cause like the sun, ib. 6. 508 ; 7. 516, 517; must be apprehended by the lover of knowledge, ib. 7. 534 (cp. Phil.. 65 foil. ; Laws 12. 965) :—doctrine of ideas, Lysis 217 foil.; innate ideas, Euthyd. 296; recollection of ideas, Meno 81, 86 ; Phaedo 75; Phaedr. 249 (cp. Recollection); ideas and names, Crat. 389; existence of ideas, ib. 439 ; knowledge (…)
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Jowett: arithmetician
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And he will be the arithmetician ? ION
Socrates : And this will be the man who knows — the arithmetician ? ALCIBIADES I
Soc. Having the use of the art, the arithmetician, if I am not mistaken, has the conceptions of number under his hand, and can transmit them to another. THEAETETUS
Soc. Attend to what follows : must not the perfect arithmetician know all numbers, for he has the science of all numbers in his mind ? THEAETETUS
Soc. That was my reason for asking how we ought to (…)
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Jowett: abuse
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : But perhaps, my excellent friend, some person who is wiser than either you or I may say we are wrong to be so free with our abuse of ignorance, [143c] unless we can add that it is ignorance of certain things, and is a good to certain persons in certain conditions, as to those others it is an evil. ALCIBIADES II
Gor. A marvel, indeed, Socrates, if you only knew how rhetoric comprehends and holds under her sway all the inferior arts. Let me offer you a striking example of this. On (…)
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Jowett: calculation
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : Shall we, then, assume this also, [367b] that there is such a person as a man who is false about calculation and number ? LESSER HIPPIAS
Socrates : Who, then, becomes false in respect to calculation, Hippias, other than the good man ? For the same man is also powerful and he is also true. LESSER HIPPIAS
When Protagoras heard me say this, he replied : You ask questions fairly, and I like to answer a question which is fairly put. If Hippocrates comes to me he will not experience (…)
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Jowett: Academy
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
I was going from the Academy straight to the Lyceum, intending to take the outer road, which is close under the wall. When I came to the postern gate of the city, which is by the fountain of Panops, I fell in with Hippothales, the son of Hieronymus, and Ctesippus the Paeanian, and a company of young men who were standing with them. Hippothales, seeing me approach, asked whence I came and whither I was going. LYSIS
I am going, I replied, from the Academy straight to the Lyceum. LYSIS
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Jowett: calculate
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Someone will say : And are you not ashamed, Socrates, of a course of life which is likely to bring you to an untimely end ? To him I may fairly answer : There you are mistaken : a man who is good for anything ought not to calculate the chance of living or dying ; he ought only to consider whether in doing anything he is doing right or wrong — acting the part of a good man or of a bad. Whereas, according to your view, the heroes who fell at Troy were not good for much, and the son of Thetis (…)
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Jowett: accident
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
For he who does well is the good man, and he who does ill is the bad. But what sort of doing is good in letters ? and what sort of doing makes a man good in letters ? Clearly the knowing of them. And what sort of well-doing makes a man a good physician ? Clearly the knowledge of the art of healing the sick. "But he who does ill is the bad." Now who becomes a bad physician ? Clearly he who is in the first place a physician, and in the second place a good physician ; for he may become a bad (…)
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Jowett: calculating
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Ath. To consecrate every sort of dance or melody. First we should ordain festivals — calculating for the year what they ought to be, and at what time, and in honour of what Gods, sons of Gods, and heroes they ought to be celebrated ; and, in the next place, what hymns ought to be sung at the several sacrifices, and with what dances the particular festival is to be honoured. This has to be arranged at first by certain persons, and, when arranged, the whole assembly of the citizens are to (…)