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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: cosmic deities
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
But there is one point which every Greek should bear in mind — that of all Greeks we have a situation which is about the most favorable to human excellence. The praiseworthy thing in it that we have to mention is that it may be taken as midway between a wintry and a summery climate ; and our climate, being inferior in its summer to that in the region over there, as we said, has been so much later in imparting the cognizance of these cosmic deities. And let us note that [987e] whatever Greeks (…)
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Jowett: affection of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Suppose, then, that you and I endeavour to instruct and inform them what is the nature of this affection which they call "being overcome by pleasure," and which they affirm to be the reason why they do not always do what is best. When we say to them : Friends, you are mistaken, and are saying what is not true, they would probably reply : Socrates and Protagoras, if this affection of the soul is not to be called "being overcome by pleasure," pray, what is it, and by what name would you (…)
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Jowett: daimon
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
"What then is Love ?" I asked ; "Is he mortal ?" "No." "What then ?" "As in the former instance, he is neither mortal nor immortal, but in a mean between the two." "What is he, Diotima ?" "He is a great spirit (daimon), and like all spirits he is intermediate between the divine and the mortal." "And what," I said, "is his power ?" "He interprets," she replied, "between gods and men, conveying and taking across to the gods the prayers and sacrifices of men, and to men the commands and replies (…)
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Jowett: every soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
herein is an excellent proof of her tenderness — that she walks not upon the hard but upon the soft. Let us adduce a similar proof of the tenderness of Love ; for he walks not upon the earth, nor yet upon skulls of men, which are not so very soft, but in the hearts and souls of both god, and men, which are of all things the softest : in them he walks and dwells and makes his home. Not in every soul without exception, for Where there is hardness he departs, where there is softness there he (…)
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Jowett: daimonion
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And therefore I have the most entire conviction that he called them demons, because they were daemones (knowing or wise), and in our older Attic dialect the word itself occurs. Now he and other poets say truly, that when a good man dies he has honour and a mighty portion among the dead, and becomes a demon ; which is a name given to him signifying wisdom. And I say too, that every wise man who happens to be a good man is more than human (daimonion) both in life and death, and is rightly (…)
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Jowett: virtuous soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
"These are the lesser mysteries of love, into which even you, Socrates, may enter ; to the greater and more hidden ones which are the crown of these, and to which, if you pursue them in a right spirit, they will lead, I know not whether you will be able to attain. But I will do my utmost to inform you, and do you follow if you can. For he who would proceed aright in this matter should begin in youth to visit beautiful forms ; and first, if he be guided by his instructor aright, to love one (…)
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Jowett: deities
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Her. Very good ; and what do we say of Demeter, and Here, and Apollo, and Athene, and Hephaestus, and Ares, and the other deities ? CRATYLUS
Soc. Yes ; and the two speeches happen to afford a very good example of the way in which the speaker who knows the truth may, without any serious purpose, steal away the hearts of his hearers. This piece of good-fortune I attribute to the local deities ; and perhaps, the prophets of the Muses who are singing over our heads may have imparted their (…)
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Jowett: habit of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And what is purification but the separation of the soul from the body, as I was saying before ; the habit of the soul gathering and collecting herself into herself, out of all the courses of the body ; the dwelling in her own place alone, as in another life, so also in this, as far as she can ; the release of the soul from the chains of the body ? PHAEDO
Ath. The affection both of the Bacchantes and of the children is an emotion of fear, which springs out of an evil habit of the soul. And (…)
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Jowett: deity
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. In spite of the mistakes which are made about the power of this deity, and the foolish fears which people have of him, such as the fear of always being with him after death, and of the soul denuded of the body going to him, my belief is that all is quite consistent, and that the office and name of the God really correspond. CRATYLUS
but that of Phaedrus. For often he says to me in an indignant tone : "What a strange thing it is, Eryximachus, that, whereas other gods have poems and (…)
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Jowett: release of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And what is purification but the separation of the soul from the body, as I was saying before ; the habit of the soul gathering and collecting herself into herself, out of all the courses of the body ; the dwelling in her own place alone, as in another life, so also in this, as far as she can ; the release of the soul from the chains of the body ? PHAEDO
And what is that which is termed death, but this very separation and release of the soul from the body ? PHAEDO
And the true (…)
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Jowett: Deity
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
This being supposed, let us proceed to the next stage : In the likeness of what animal did the Creator make the world ? It would be an unworthy thing to liken it to any nature which exists as a part only ; for nothing can be beautiful which is like any imperfect thing ; but let us suppose the world to be the very image of that whole of which all other animals both individually and in their tribes are portions. For the original of the universe contains in itself all intelligible beings, just (…)
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Jowett: existence of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Yes, Socrates ; I am convinced that there is precisely the same necessity for the existence of the soul before birth, and of the essence of which you are speaking : and the argument arrives at a result which happily agrees with my own notion. For there is nothing which to my mind is so evident as that beauty, goodness, and other notions of which you were just now speaking have a most real and absolute existence ; and I am satisfied with the proof. PHAEDO
I think, said Simmias, that Cebes (…)
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Jowett: Divine
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Ath. Well, then, let us give all the greater heed to one another’s words. The argument affirms that any change whatever except from evil is the most dangerous of all things ; this is true in the case of the seasons and of the winds, in the management of our bodies and the habits of our minds — true of all things except, as I said before, of the bad. He who looks at the constitution of individuals accustomed to eat any sort of meat, or drink any drink, or to do any work which they can get, (…)
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Jowett: nature of soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Must we not, said Socrates, ask ourselves some question of this sort ? — What is that which, as we imagine, is liable to be scattered away, and about which we fear ? and what again is that about which we have no fear ? And then we may proceed to inquire whether that which suffers dispersion is or is not of the nature of soul — our hopes and fears as to our own souls will turn upon that. PHAEDO
Ath. Do not all human things partake of the nature of soul ? And is not man the most religious of (…)
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Jowett: divine
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : Well, you know, Demodocus, they do say that advice is a holy thing. And so, if ever it is to be accounted holy, it must be in this instance, in which you now seek it. For there is no more divine matter on which a mortal could take counsel than the education either [122c] of himself or of his relations. Now, first of all, let you and me come to an agreement as to what we suppose that this thing can be, on which we are taking counsel ; for it may happen that I conceive it to be one (…)
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Jowett: notion of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
In this respect, replied Simmias : Might not a person use the same argument about harmony and the lyre — might he not say that harmony is a thing invisible, incorporeal, fair, divine, abiding in the lyre which is harmonized, but that the lyre and the strings are matter and material, composite, earthy, and akin to mortality ? And when someone breaks the lyre, or cuts and rends the strings, then he who takes this view would argue as you do, and on the same analogy, that the harmony survives (…)
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Jowett: divination
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. But what about matters in which they do not agree ? — for example, about divination, of which both Homer and Hesiod have something to say — ION
Soc. Would you or a good prophet be a better interpreter of what these two poets say about divination, not only when they agree, but when they disagree ? ION
Socrates : Nor yet will it be about divination ? ALCIBIADES I
Socrates : Answer the questions asked, Alcibiades : only do that, and with Heaven’s favor — if we are to put any trust in (…)
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Jowett: soul is a harmony
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Ech. There I feel with you — indeed I do, Phaedo, and when you were speaking, I was beginning to ask myself the same question : What argument can I ever trust again ? For what could be more convincing than the argument of Socrates, which has now fallen into discredit ? That the soul is a harmony is a doctrine which has always had a wonderful attraction for me, and, when mentioned, came back to me at once, as my own original conviction. And now I must begin again and find another argument (…)
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Jowett: diviner
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : For there again a diviner will serve better than you. ALCIBIADES I
Euth. I am amused, Socrates, at your making a distinction between one who is a relation and one who is not a relation ; for surely the pollution is the same in either case, if you knowingly associate with the murderer when you ought to clear yourself and him by proceeding against him. The real question is whether the murdered man has been justly slain. If justly, then your duty is to let the matter alone ; but if (…)
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Jowett: one soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And is this notion true of one soul, or of two or more ? GORGIAS
But does the soul admit of degrees ? or is one soul in the very least degree more or less, or more or less completely, a soul than another ? PHAEDO
Yet surely one soul is said to have intelligence and virtue, and to be good, and another soul is said to have folly and vice, and to be an evil soul : and this is said truly ? PHAEDO
Then one soul not being more or less absolutely a soul than another, is not more or less (…)