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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: absolute existence
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. There is another point. I should not like us to be imposed upon by the appearance of such a multitude of names, all tending in the same direction. I myself do not deny that the givers of names did really give them under the idea that all things were in motion and flux ; which was their sincere but, I think, mistaken opinion. And having fallen into a kind of whirlpool themselves, they are carried round, and want to drag us in after them. There is a matter, master Cratylus, about which I (…)
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Jowett: democracy
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
I can give you as proofs of this, not words only, but deeds, which you value more than words. Let me tell you a passage of my own life, which will prove to you that I should never have yielded to injustice from any fear of death, and that if I had not yielded I should have died at once. I will tell you a story — tasteless, perhaps, and commonplace, but nevertheless true. The only office of state which I ever held, O men of Athens, was that of senator ; the tribe Antiochis, which is my tribe, (…)
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Jowett: absolute being
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And each kind of absolute knowledge will answer to each kind of absolute being ? PARMENIDES
And are we assured, after looking at the matter from many points of view, that absolute being is or may be absolutely known, but that the utterly non-existent is utterly unknown ? THE REPUBLIC BOOK V
These, I said, are the points which you must consider ; and those who have most of this comprehension, and who are most steadfast in their learning, and in their military and other appointed duties, (…)
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Jowett: propositions
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
apophansis
Soc. And there are true and false propositions ? CRATYLUS
Soc. Then, if propositions may be true and false, names may be true and false ? CRATYLUS
But there is no harmony, he said, in the two propositions that knowledge is recollection, and that the soul is a harmony. Which of them, then, will you retain ? PHAEDO
Soc. The principle which has just turned up, which is a marvel of nature ; for that one should be many or many one, are wonderful propositions ; and he who (…)
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Jowett: absolute knowledge
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And will not knowledge — I mean absolute knowledge — answer to absolute truth ? PARMENIDES
And each kind of absolute knowledge will answer to each kind of absolute being ? PARMENIDES
Then none of the ideas are known to us, because we have no share in absolute knowledge ? PARMENIDES
Would you, or would you not say, that absolute knowledge, if there is such a thing, must be a far more exact knowledge than our knowledge ; and the same of beauty and of the rest ? PARMENIDES
And if there (…)
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Jowett: negation
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
apophasis
Negation and opposition, Soph. 257; — negation of pain, not =pleasure, Phil. 43, 44.
Theod. Certainly we are. About these speculations of Heracleitus, which, as you say, are as old as Homer, or even older still, the Ephesians themselves, who profess to know them, are downright mad, and you cannot talk with them on the subject. For, in accordance with their text-books, they are always in motion ; but as for dwelling upon an argument or a question, and quietly asking and (…)
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Jowett: absolute unity
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
All this she taught me at various times when she spoke of love. And I remember her once saying to me, "What is the cause, Socrates, of love, and the attendant desire ? See you not how all animals, birds, as well as beasts, in their desire of procreation, are in agony when they take the infection of love, which begins with the desire of union ; whereto is added the care of offspring, on whose behalf the weakest are ready to battle against the strongest even to the uttermost, and to die for (…)
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Jowett: virtue
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
[407b] “Whither haste ye, O men ? Yea, verily ye know not that ye are doing none of the things ye ought, seeing that ye spend your whole energy on wealth and the acquiring of it ; while as to your sons to whom ye will bequeath it, ye neglect to ensure that they shall understand how to use it justly, and ye find for them no teachers of justice, if so be that it is teachable — or if it be a matter of training and practice, instructors who can efficiently practice and train them — nor have ye (…)
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Jowett: absolute good
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And an absolute beauty and absolute good ? PHAEDO
Soc. The claims both of pleasure and mind to be the absolute good have been entirely disproven in this argument, because they are both wanting in self-sufficiency and also in adequacy and perfection. PHILEBUS
And there is an absolute beauty and an absolute good, and of other things to which the term "many" is applied there is an absolute ; for they may be brought under a single idea, which is called the essence of each. THE REPUBLIC BOOK (…)
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Jowett: Hades
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
[365a] Zeus-born son of Laertes, wily Odysseus, I must speak out the word without refraining, as I shall act and think will be accomplished [and pray do not mutter in discord sitting here beside me]. For hateful to me as the gates of HADES [365b] is he who hides one thing in his heart and says another. But I shall speak that which shall be accomplished. LESSER HIPPIAS
For hateful to me as the gates of HADES is he who hides one thing in his heart and says another, LESSER HIPPIAS
Who knows (…)
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Jowett: relative
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Or if there be a double which is double of itself and of other doubles, these will be halves ; for the double is relative to the half ? CHARMIDES
And that which is greater than itself will also be less, and that which is heavier will also be lighter, and that which is older will also be younger : and the same of other things ; that which has a nature relative to self will retain also the nature of its object : I mean to say, for example, that hearing is, as we say, of sound or voice. Is (…)
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Jowett: virtues
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Now man, having a share of the divine attributes, was at first the only one of the animals who had any gods, because he alone was of their kindred ; and he would raise altars and images of them. He was not long in inventing articulate speech and names ; and he also constructed houses and clothes and shoes and beds, and drew sustenance from the earth. Thus provided, mankind at first lived dispersed, and there were no cities. But the consequence was that they were destroyed by the wild beasts, (…)
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Jowett: absolute essences
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
In the first place, I think, Socrates, that you, or any one who maintains the existence of absolute essences, will admit that they cannot exist in us. PARMENIDES
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Jowett: virtuous
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : And so with drink and every other class of things that exist, when some things in any class come to be good, and others evil, one thing does not differ from another in that respect whereby they are the same ? For instance, [230c] one man, I suppose, is virtuous, and another wicked. HIPPARCHUS
Socrates : But neither of them, I conceive, is more or less man than the other — neither the virtuous than the wicked, nor the wicked than the virtuous. HIPPARCHUS
Socrates : Then are we (…)
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Jowett: absolute equality
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
But what would you say of equal portions of wood and stone, or other material equals ? and what is the impression produced by them ? Are they equals in the same sense as absolute equality ? or do they fall short of this in a measure ? PHAEDO
And has not this been our case in the matter of equals and of absolute equality ? PHAEDO
Then we must have known absolute equality previously to the time when we first saw the material equals, and reflected that all these apparent equals aim at this (…)
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Jowett: visions
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
But I shall be asked, Why do people delight in continually conversing with you ? I have told you already, Athenians, the whole truth about this : they like to hear the cross-examination of the pretenders to wisdom ; there is amusement in this. And this is a duty which the God has imposed upon me, as I am assured by oracles, visions, and in every sort of way in which the will of divine power was ever signified to anyone. This is true, O Athenians ; or, if not true, would be soon refuted. For (…)
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Jowett: absolute greatness
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Or did you ever reach them with any other bodily sense ? (and I speak not of these alone, but of absolute greatness, and health, and strength, and of the essence or true nature of everything). Has the reality of them ever been perceived by you through the bodily organs ? or rather, is not the nearest approach to the knowledge of their several natures made by him who so orders his intellectual vision as to have the most exact conception of the essence of that which he considers ? PHAEDO
The (…)
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Jowett: Justice
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
dikaiosyene = justice
Justice, popular definitions of, Crat. 413 ; =to speak the truth and pay one’s debts, Rep. 1. 331 foil.; = the interest of the stronger, ib. 338; 2. 367 (cp. Gorg. 489; Laws 4. 714 B); =honour among thieves, Rep. 1. 352; =the excellence of the soul, ib. 353; = the opinion of the best, Laws 9. 864; =power of knowledge, Hipp. Min. 375 ; = doing one’s own work, 1 Alcib. 127 (cp. Rep. 4. 443):—a part of virtue, Meno 73 E, 79 (cp. Rep. 1. 350); the art which gives good and (…)
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Jowett: absolute justice
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Well, but there is another thing, Simmias : Is there or is there not an absolute justice ? PHAEDO
True, he replied ; but what of that ? I was only going to ask whether, if we have discovered them, we are to require that the just man should in nothing fail of absolute justice ; or may we be satisfied with an approximation, and the attainment in him of a higher degree of justice than is to be found in other men ? THE REPUBLIC BOOK V
We were inquiring into the nature of absolute justice and (…)
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Jowett: justice
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Justice
So it was nothing to their purpose to sacrifice and pay tribute of gifts in vain, when they were hated by the gods. For it is not, I imagine, the way of the gods to be seduced with gifts, like a base insurer. And indeed it is but silly talk of ours, if we claim to surpass the Spartans on this score. For it would be a strange thing if the gods had regard to our gifts and sacrifices instead of our souls, and the piety and [150a] justice that may be found in any of us. Far rather at (…)