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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: individual soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
But a further question arises : Is passion different from reason also, or only a kind of reason ; in which latter case, instead of three principles in the soul, there will only be two, the rational and the concupiscent ; or rather, as the State was composed of three classes, traders, auxiliaries, counsellors, so may there not be in the individual soul a third element which is passion or spirit, and when not corrupted by bad education is the natural auxiliary of reason ? THE REPUBLIC BOOK IV (…)
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Jowett: judges
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
judge
Soc. And he who judges of the good will be the same as he who judges of the bad speakers ? ION
Tell the judges, then, who is their improver ; for you must know, as you have taken the pains to discover their corrupter, and are citing and accusing me before them. Speak, then, and tell the judges who their improver is. Observe, Meletus, that you are silent, and have nothing to say. But is not this rather disgraceful, and a very considerable proof of what I was saying, that you have no (…)
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Jowett: concupiscent soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And these two, thus nurtured and educated, and having learned truly to know their own functions, will rule over the concupiscent, which in each of us is the largest part of the soul and by nature most insatiable of gain ; over this they will keep guard, lest, waxing great and strong with the fulness of bodily pleasures, as they are termed, the concupiscent soul, no longer confined to her own sphere, should attempt to enslave and rule those who are not her natural-born subjects, and overturn (…)
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Jowett: God
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : "Cleitomachus," he said, "I tell you I am going to my death now, because I would not take Socrates’ advice." Now, why on earth did Timarchus say that ? I will tell you. When Timarchus and Philemon, [129b] son of Philemonides, got up from the wine-party to kill Nicias, son of Heroscamandrus, those two alone had knowledge of the plot ; and Timarchus, as he got up, said to me : "What say you, Socrates ? Go on drinking, all of you ; I have to get up and go somewhere, but I will join (…)
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Jowett: pleasures of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. The fifth class are the pleasures which were defined by us as painless, being the pure pleasures of the soul herself, as we termed them, which accompany, some the sciences, and some the senses. PHILEBUS
He whose desires are drawn toward knowledge in every form will be absorbed in the pleasures of the soul, and will hardly feel bodily pleasure — I mean, if he be a true philosopher and not a sham one. THE REPUBLIC BOOK VI
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Jowett: god
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
God, the Great Artist, Rep. 10. 596 (cp. Laws 10. 902 E); the Maker of all things, Rep. 10. 597 C; the best of causes, Tim. 29 A; the Creator, it. 30 foil.; Soph. 265; Statesm. 269,270 (cp.. Laws 10. 886 foil.); assisted in His work by subordinate deities, Tim. 41 A ; the Shepherd, Crit. 109; Statesm. 271, 275;—alone is wise, Phaedr. 278 D (cp. Tim. 51 E); not the author of evil, Rep. 2. 379, 380 A ; 3. 391 C (cp. 2. 364; Laws 2. 672 B); never changes, Rep. 2. 380; will not lie, it. 382 ; (…)
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Jowett: gymnastics of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Just the opposite. In childhood and youth their study, and what philosophy they learn, should be suited to their tender years : during this period while they are growing up toward manhood, the chief and special care should be given to their bodies that they may have them to use in the service of philosophy ; as life advances and the intellect begins to mature, let them increase the gymnastics of the soul ; but when the strength of our citizens fails and is past civil and military duties, (…)
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Jowett: goddess
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
god
By the goddess Here, that is good news ! There are plenty of improvers, then. And what do you say of the audience, — do they improve them ? APOLOGY
Someone will say : And are you not ashamed, Socrates, of a course of life which is likely to bring you to an untimely end ? To him I may fairly answer : There you are mistaken : a man who is good for anything ought not to calculate the chance of living or dying ; he ought only to consider whether in doing anything he is doing right or (…)
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Jowett: ascent of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
This entire allegory, I said, you may now append, dear Glaucon, to the previous argument ; the prison-house is the world of sight, the light of the fire is the sun, and you will not misapprehend me if you interpret the journey upward to be the ascent of the soul into the intellectual world according to my poor belief, which, at your desire, I have expressed — whether rightly or wrongly, God knows. But, whether true or false, my opinion is that in the world of knowledge the idea of good (…)
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Jowett: Goddess
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
god
Soc. All of them sprang either from the love of a God for a mortal woman, or of a mortal man for a Goddess ; think of the word in the old Attic, and you will see better that the name heros is only a slight alteration of Eros, from whom the heroes sprang : either this is the meaning, or, if not this, then they must have been skilful as rhetoricians and dialecticians, and able to put the question (erotan), for eirein is equivalent to legein. And therefore, as I was saying, in the Attic (…)
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Jowett: eye of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
I am amused, I said, at your fear of the world, which makes you guard against the appearance of insisting upon useless studies ; and I quite admit the difficulty of believing that in every man there is an eye of the soul which, when by other pursuits lost and dimmed, is by these purified and reillumined ; and is more precious far than ten thousand bodily eyes, for by it alone is truth seen. Now there are two classes of persons : one class of those who will agree with you and will take your (…)
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Jowett: goddesses
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
god
Socrates : Well, try another way : who are the goddesses that foster the art ? ALCIBIADES I
Phaedrus, he said, the argument has not been set before us, I think, quite in the right form ; — we should not be called upon to praise Love in such an indiscriminate manner. If there were only one Love, then what you said would be well enough ; but since there are more Loves than one, — should have begun by determining which of them was to be the theme of our praises. I will amend this defect (…)
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Jowett: harmonious soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And the man who has the spirit of harmony will be most in love with the loveliest ; but he will not love him who is of an inharmonious soul ? THE REPUBLIC BOOK III
Beyond question. And the harmonious soul is both temperate and courageous ? THE REPUBLIC BOOK III
For these reasons such a one will be more respectable than most people ; yet the true virtue of a unanimous and harmonious soul will flee far away and never come near him. THE REPUBLIC BOOK VIII
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Jowett: godless
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
god
Socrates : But if you act unjustly, with your eyes on the godless and dark, the probability is that your acts will resemble these through your ignorance of yourselves. ALCIBIADES I
Soc. There are two patterns eternally set before them ; the one blessed and divine, the other godless and wretched : but they do not see them, or perceive that in their utter folly and infatuation they are growing like the one and unlike the other, by reason of their evil deeds ; and the penalty is, that (…)
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Jowett: soul of a freeman
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Having begun to speak of homicide, let us endeavour to lay down laws concerning every different kind of homicides, and, first of all, concerning violent and involuntary homicides. If any one in an athletic contest, and at the public games, involuntarily kills a friend, and he dies either at the time or afterwards of the blows which he has received ; or if the like misfortune happens to any one in war, or military exercises, or mimic contests. of which the magistrates enjoin the practice, (…)
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Jowett: godlessness
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
god
Str. In like manner, the royal science appears to me to be the mistress of all lawful educators and instructors, and having this queenly power, will not permit them to train men in what will produce characters unsuited to the political constitution which she desires to create, but only in what will produce such as are suitable. Those which have no share of manliness and temperance, or any other virtuous inclination, and, from the necessity of an evil nature, are violently carried away (…)
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Jowett: image of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Let us make an image of the soul, that he may have his own words presented before his eyes. THE REPUBLIC BOOK IX
An ideal image of the soul, like the composite creations of ancient mythology, such as the Chimera, or Scylla, or Cerberus, and there are many others in which two or more different natures are said to grow into one. THE REPUBLIC BOOK IX
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Jowett: godlike
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
god
But of beauty, I repeat again that we saw her there shining in company with the celestial forms ; and coming to earth we find her here too, shining in clearness through the clearest aperture of sense. For sight is the most piercing of our bodily senses ; though not by that is wisdom seen ; her loveliness would have been transporting if there had been a visible image of her, and the other ideas, if they had visible counterparts, would be equally lovely. But this is the privilege of (…)
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Jowett: rational principle in the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And this, surely, must be the work of the calculating and rational principle in the soul ? THE REPUBLIC BOOK X
Then the imitative poet who aims at being popular is not by nature made, nor is his art intended, to please or to affect the rational principle in the soul ; but he will prefer the passionate and fitful temper, which is easily imitated ? THE REPUBLIC BOOK X
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Jowett: gods
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
god
Socrates : The greatest of questions, Alcibiades, [138b] as I believe. For tell me, in Heaven’s name, do you not think that the gods sometimes grant in part, but in part refuse, what we ask of them in our private and public prayers, and gratify some people, but not others ? ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : Then you would agree that one should take great precautions against falling unawares into the error of praying for great evils in the belief that they are good, while the gods happen to be (…)