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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: division
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
At last, after a good deal of reflection, Zeus discovered a way. He said : "Methinks I have a plan which will humble their pride and improve their manners ; men shall continue to exist, but I will cut them in two and then they will be diminished in strength and increased in numbers ; this will have the advantage of making them more profitable to us. They shall walk upright on two legs, and if they continue insolent and will not be quiet, I will split them again and they shall hop about on a (…)
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Jowett: revolutions of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
When the creator had made all these ordinances he remained in his own accustomed nature, and his children heard and were obedient to their father’s word, and receiving from him the immortal principle of a mortal creature, in imitation of their own creator they borrowed portions of fire, and earth, and water, and air from the world, which were hereafter to be restored — these they took and welded them together, not with the indissoluble chains by which they were themselves bound, but with (…)
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Jowett: divisions
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And now I will endeavour to explain to you more clearly what I mean : The soul and body being two, have two arts corresponding to them : there is the art of politics attending on the soul ; and another art attending on the body, of which I know no single name, but which may be described as having two divisions, one of them gymnastic, and the other medicine. And in politics there is a legislative part, which answers to gymnastic, as justice does to medicine ; and the two parts run into (…)
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Jowett: vessel of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
When the creator had made all these ordinances he remained in his own accustomed nature, and his children heard and were obedient to their father’s word, and receiving from him the immortal principle of a mortal creature, in imitation of their own creator they borrowed portions of fire, and earth, and water, and air from the world, which were hereafter to be restored — these they took and welded them together, not with the indissoluble chains by which they were themselves bound, but with (…)
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Jowett: dialectic
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. But I would much rather ask you, if you are disposed to answer : for I see, from the few words which Polus has uttered, that he has attended more to the art which is called rhetoric than to dialectic. GORGIAS
Soc. I am charmed with his doctrine, that what appears is to each one, but I wonder that he did not begin his book on Truth with a declaration that a pig or a dog-faced baboon, or some other yet stranger monster which has sensation, is the measure of all things ; then he might (…)
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Jowett: courses of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
When the creator had made all these ordinances he remained in his own accustomed nature, and his children heard and were obedient to their father’s word, and receiving from him the immortal principle of a mortal creature, in imitation of their own creator they borrowed portions of fire, and earth, and water, and air from the world, which were hereafter to be restored — these they took and welded them together, not with the indissoluble chains by which they were themselves bound, but with (…)
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Jowett: dialectical
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. That is a graver matter, and there, my friend, the modern interpreters of Homer may, I think, assist in explaining the view of the ancients. For most of these in their explanations of the poet, assert that he meant by Athene "mind" (nous) and "intelligence" (dianoia), and the maker of names appears to have had a singular notion about her ; and indeed calls her by a still higher title, "divine intelligence" (Thou noesis), as though he would say : This is she who has the mind of God (…)
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Jowett: providence of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And so in the vessel of the head, they first of all put a face in which they inserted organs to minister in all things to the providence of the soul, and they appointed this part, which has authority, to be by nature the part which is in front. And of the organs they first contrived the eyes to give light, and the principle according to which they were inserted was as follows : So much of fire as would not burn, but gave a gentle light, they formed into a substance akin to the light of (…)
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Jowett: dialectician
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
To be sure they do, said Ctesippus ; and they speak coldly of the insipid and cold dialectician. EUTHYDEMUS
Why, he said, no art of hunting extends beyond hunting and capturing ; and when the prey is taken the huntsman or fisherman cannot use it ; but they hand it over to the cook, and the geometricians and astronomers and calculators (who all belong to the hunting class, for they do not make their diagrams, but only find out that which was previously contained in them) — they, I say, not (…)
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Jowett: invisible soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
All these are to be reckoned among the second and co-operative causes which God, carrying into execution the idea of the best as far as possible, uses as his ministers. They are thought by most men not to be the second, but the prime causes of all things, because they freeze and heat, and contract and dilate, and the like. But they are not so, for they are incapable of reason or intellect ; the only being which can properly have mind is the invisible soul, whereas fire and water, and earth (…)
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Jowett: dialecticians
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. All of them sprang either from the love of a God for a mortal woman, or of a mortal man for a Goddess ; think of the word in the old Attic, and you will see better that the name heros is only a slight alteration of Eros, from whom the heroes sprang : either this is the meaning, or, if not this, then they must have been skilful as rhetoricians and dialecticians, and able to put the question (erotan), for eirein is equivalent to legein. And therefore, as I was saying, in the Attic dialect (…)
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Jowett: rational principle of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Then we may fairly assume that they are two, and that they differ from one another ; the one with which a man reasons, we may call the rational principle of the soul ; the other, with which he loves, and hungers, and thirsts, and feels the flutterings of any other desire, may be termed the irrational or appetitive, the ally of sundry pleasures and satisfactions ? THE REPUBLIC BOOK IV
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Jowett: Reason
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Reason, faculty of the soul, Rep. 6. 511 D (cp. 7. 533 E); reason and appetite, ib. 4. 439-442, 9- 571 D (cp. Phaedr. 253 foil.; Tim. 69 E foil.; Laws 3.687, 689); reason should be the guide of pleasure, Rep. 9. 585-587; reason and pleasure, Phil. 65 ; reason and knowledge, Theaet. 201, 202; — the ’golden cord’ of reason, Laws 1. 644 E. Certainly not ! For not in that way does the soul of a philosopher reason ; she will not ask philosophy to release her in order that when released she may (…)
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Jowett: immortal principle of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
As I said at first, when all things were in disorder God created in each thing in relation to itself, and in all things in relation to each other, all the measures and harmonies which they could possibly receive. For in those days nothing had any proportion except by accident ; nor did any of the things which now have names deserve to be named at all — as, for example, fire, water, and the rest of the elements. All these the creator first set in order, and out of them he constructed the (…)
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Jowett: faculties
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
The Gods call Chalcis, and men Cymindis : to be taught how much more correct the name Chalcis is than the name Cymindis — do you deem that a light matter ? Or about Batieia and Myrina ? And there are many other observations of the same kind in Homer and other poets. Now, I think that this is beyond the understanding of you and me ; but the names of Scamandrius and Astyanax, which he affirms to have been the names of Hector’s son, are more within the range of human faculties, as I am disposed (…)
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Jowett: mortal soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
When the creator had made all these ordinances he remained in his own accustomed nature, and his children heard and were obedient to their father’s word, and receiving from him the immortal principle of a mortal creature, in imitation of their own creator they borrowed portions of fire, and earth, and water, and air from the world, which were hereafter to be restored — these they took and welded them together, not with the indissoluble chains by which they were themselves bound, but with (…)
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Jowett: faculty
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : And our admission seems to me quite right. For everyone in a fever is sick, but yet not everyone who is sick has a fever or the gout [140b] or ophthalmia, I take it ; though everything of the sort is a disease, but differs — to quote those whom we call doctors — in its manifestation. For they are not all alike, nor of like effect, but each works according to its own faculty, and yet all are diseases. In the same way, we conceive of some men as artisans, do we not ? ALCIBIADES II (…)
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Jowett: inferior soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
As I said at first, when all things were in disorder God created in each thing in relation to itself, and in all things in relation to each other, all the measures and harmonies which they could possibly receive. For in those days nothing had any proportion except by accident ; nor did any of the things which now have names deserve to be named at all — as, for example, fire, water, and the rest of the elements. All these the creator first set in order, and out of them he constructed the (…)
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Jowett: Rhetoric
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Rhetoric, the art of persuasion, Phaedr. 259 E foil. (cp. Rep. 2. 365 D); has no true knowledge of the subjects with which it deals, Phaedr. 268; concerned, only with probabilities, ib. 272, 273; defined by Gorgias as the art of discourse, Gorg. 449; the artificer of persuasion about the just and unjust, ib. 453-455 (cp. Theaet. 167 C ; Laws 11.937 E); power of, Gorg. 456, 466 (cp. Apol. 17 A; Menex. 235 A); defended by Gorgias, Gorg. 457 ; is most potent with the ignorant, ib. 459; defined (…)
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Jowett: kind of soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
But our creators, considering whether they should make a longer-lived race which was worse, or a shorter-lived race which was better, came to the conclusion that every one ought to prefer a shorter span of life, which was better, to a longer one, which was worse ; and therefore they covered the head with thin bone, but not with flesh and sinews, since it had no joints ; and thus the head was added, having more wisdom and sensation than the rest of the body, but also being in every man far (…)