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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: acts of violence
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Str. Then we separated off the currier’s art, which prepared coverings in entire pieces, and the art of sheltering, and subtracted the various arts of making water-tight which are employed in building, and in general in carpentering, and in other crafts, and all such arts as furnish impediments to thieving and acts of violence, and are concerned with making the lids of boxes and the fixing of doors, being divisions of the art of joining ; and we also cut off the manufacture of arms, which is (…)
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Jowett: drunken
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Drunkenness
Surely, I said, knowledge is the food of the soul ; and we must take care, my friend, that the Sophist does not deceive us when he praises what he sells, like the dealers wholesale or retail who sell the food of the body ; for they praise indiscriminately all their goods, without knowing what are really beneficial or hurtful : neither do their customers know, with the exception of any trainer or physician who may happen to buy of them. In like manner those who carry about the (…)
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Jowett: political acts
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
[3.315c] But as for me, I would not call upon a man, and much less a god, and bid him enjoy himself — a god, because I would be imposing a task contrary to his nature (since the Deity has his abode far beyond pleasure or pain), — nor yet a man, because pleasure and pain generate mischief for the most part, since they breed in the soul mental sloth and forgetfulness and witlessness and insolence. Let such, then, be my declaration regarding the mode of address ; and you, when you read it, (…)
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Jowett: intoxication
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Drunkenness intemperance
Intoxication, not allowed in the state, Rep. 3. 398 E, 403 ; forbidden at Lacedaemon, Laws 1. 637 ; common at Athens during the Dionysia, ib. C ; permitted among the Scythians, etc., ibid.; nature of, discussed, ibid. foil. ; use of, ib. 645, 646; only to be allowed to the old, ib. 2. 666 B. See Drinking, Festivities.
[319c] Now here in Homer we have a eulogy of Minos, briefly expressed, such as the poet never composed for a single one of the heroes. For that (…)
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Jowett: act rightly
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : What ? For the Lacedaemonians is it the hereditary usage not to act rightly, [284c] but to commit errors ? GREATER HIPPIAS
Socrates : Would they, then, not act rightly in educating the young men better, but not in educating them worse ? GREATER HIPPIAS
And when men act rightly and advantageously they seem to you to be temperate ? PROTAGORAS
And they who do not act rightly act foolishly, and in acting thus are not temperate ? PROTAGORAS
Monster ! I said ; you have been (…)
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Jowett: idea
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
ideas
I understand, said Socrates, and quite accept your account. But tell me, Zeno, do you not further think that there is an idea of likeness in itself, and another idea of unlikeness, which is the opposite of likeness, and that in these two, you and I and all other things to which we apply the term many, participate — things which participate in likeness become in that degree and manner like ; and so far as they participate in unlikeness become in that degree unlike, or both like and (…)
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Jowett: act justly
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
[134d] Socrates : For you and the state, if you act justly and temperately, will act so as to please God. ALCIBIADES I
Str. And this we believe to be the origin of the tyrant and the king, of oligarchies, and aristocracies, and democracies — because men are offended at the one monarch, and can never be made to believe that any one can be worthy of such authority, or is able and willing in the spirit of virtue and knowledge to act justly and holily to all ; they fancy that he will be a (…)
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Jowett: ignorance
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Alcibiades : It is difficult, Socrates, to gainsay what has been well spoken : one thing, however, I do observe — how many evils are caused to men by ignorance, when, as it seems, we are beguiled by her not only into doing, [143b] but — worst of all — into praying to be granted the greatest evils. Now that is a thing that no one would suppose of himself ; each of us would rather suppose he was competent to pray for his own greatest good, not his greatest evil. Why, that would seem, in truth, (…)
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Jowett: act unjustly
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : But if you act unjustly, with your eyes on the godless and dark, the probability is that your acts will resemble these through your ignorance of yourselves. ALCIBIADES I
And that, Callicles, is just what you are now doing. You praise the men who feasted the citizens and satisfied their desires, and people say that they have made the city great, not seeing that the swollen And ulcerated condition of the State is to be attributed to these elder statesmen ; for they have filled the (…)
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Jowett: ignorant
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Alcibiades : How do you mean ? Can there be anything of which it is better for anybody, in any condition whatsoever, to be ignorant than cognizant ? ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : Then it seems that ignorance of what is best, and to be ignorant of the best, is a bad thing. ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : Then let us consider this further case. Suppose it should quite suddenly occur to your mind that you had better take a dagger and go to the door of Pericles, your own guardian and friend, [144a] and (…)
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Jowett: holy act
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And does piety or holiness, which has been defined to be the art of attending to the gods, benefit or improve them ? Would you say that when you do a holy act you make any of the gods better ? EUTHYPHRO
So firmly-rooted and so sound is the noble and liberal character of our city, and endowed also [245d] with such a hatred of the barbarian, because we are pure-blooded Greeks, unadulterated by barbarian stock. For there cohabit with us none of the type of Pelops, or Cadmus, or Aegyptus (…)
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Jowett: Imitation
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
mimesis
Imitation, in dancing, Laws 2. 655, 668; 7.796, 798, 814 E ;—in language, Crat. 423, 426, 427 ; — in music, ib. 423 ; Laws 2. 655, 668 foil.; 7.798 E, 812 C (cp. Rep. 3. 397; Laws 10. 889 D);—in painting, Crit. 107 (cp. Tim. 19 D ; Laws 10. 889 D);—in science, Soph. 266;—in style, Rep. 3.393, 394; 10. 596 foil, 600 E foil.; Laws 4. 719 C : — affects the character, Rep. 3. 395 ; Laws 2. 668; 7. 798 E; thrice removed from the truth, Rep. 10. 596598, 602 B; concerned with the weaker (…)
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Jowett: act according
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Hear, then, I said, my own dream ; whether coming through the horn or the ivory gate, I cannot tell. The dream is this : Let us suppose that wisdom is such as we are now defining, and that she has absolute sway over us ; then each action will be done according to the arts or sciences, and no one professing to be a pilot when he is not, or any physician or general, or any one else pretending to know matters of which he is ignorant, will deceive or elude us ; our health will be improved ; our (…)
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Jowett: imitation
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Imitation = mimesis
Then now, I said, I will endeavour to explain to you my opinion about this poem of Simonides. There is a very ancient philosophy which is more cultivated in Crete and Lacedaemon than in any other part of Hellas, and there are more philosophers in those countries than anywhere else in the world. This, however, is a secret which the Lacedaemonians deny ; and they pretend to be ignorant, just because they do not wish to have it thought that they rule the world by wisdom, (…)
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Jowett: actions of men
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. I perceive, Ion ; and I will proceed to explain to you what I imagine to be the reason of this. The gift which you possess of speaking excellently about Homer is not an art, but, as I was just saying, an inspiration ; there is a divinity moving you, like that contained in the stone which Euripides calls a magnet, but which is commonly known as the stone of Heraclea. This stone not only attracts iron rings, but also imparts to them a similar power of attracting other rings ; and (…)
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Jowett: noesis
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. That is a graver matter, and there, my friend, the modern interpreters of Homer may, I think, assist in explaining the view of the ancients. For most of these in their explanations of the poet, assert that he meant by Athene "mind" (nous) and "intelligence" (dianoia), and the maker of names appears to have had a singular notion about her ; and indeed calls her by a still higher title, "divine intelligence" (Thou noesis), as though he would say : This is she who has the mind of God (…)
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Jowett: unjust actions
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. But in my opinion, Polus, the unjust or doer of unjust actions is miserable in any case, — more miserable, however, if he be not punished and does not meet with retribution, and less miserable if he be punished and meets with retribution at the hands of gods and men. GORGIAS
Soc. Then rhetoric is of no use to us, Polus, in helping a man to excuse his own injustice, that of his parents or friends, or children or country ; but may be of use to any one who holds that instead of excusing (…)
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Jowett: nous
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. That is a graver matter, and there, my friend, the modern interpreters of Homer may, I think, assist in explaining the view of the ancients. For most of these in their explanations of the poet, assert that he meant by Athene "mind" (nous) and "intelligence" (dianoia), and the maker of names appears to have had a singular notion about her ; and indeed calls her by a still higher title, "divine intelligence" (Thou noesis), as though he would say : This is she who has the mind of God (…)
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Jowett: kinds of actions
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Ath. Let us remember what has been well said by us already, that our ideas of justice are in the highest degree confused and contradictory. Bearing this in mind, let us proceed to ask ourselves once more whether we have discovered a way out of the difficulty. Have we ever determined in what respect these two classes of actions differ from one another ? For in all states and by all legislators whatsoever, two kinds of actions have been distinguished — the one, voluntary, the other, (…)
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Jowett: Mind
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
nous
Mind, the disposer and cause of all [Anaxagoras], Crat. 400 A, 413; Phaedr. 270 A; Phaedo 97 C; Phil. 30 D; Laws 12. 966 foil. ; the cause of names, Crat. 416; = beauty ; ibid. (cp. Phil 65 E); to be distinguished from true opinion, Tim. 52 D; mind and motion, Soph. 249 (cp. Laws 10. 897 foil.); the life of mind, Phil. 21 E; mind and wisdom, ib. 28 foil.; Laws 1. 631 C, 632 C; 10. 897; 12. 963 A; mind belongs to the cause, Phil. 31 ; should be engaged in the contemplation of true (…)