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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: wind
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. Come now, suppose that you were to say to me : "Since you, Socrates, are able to assign different passages in Homer to their corresponding arts, I wish that you would tell me what are the passages of which the excellence ought to be judged by the prophet and prophetic art" ; and you will see how readily and truly I shall answer you. For there are many such passages, particularly in the Odyssey ; as, for example, the passage in which Theoclymenus the prophet of the house of Melampus says (…)
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Plotino - Tratado 6,2 (IV, 8, 2) — A bem-aventurada governança do corpo
15 de maio de 2022, por Cardoso de Castro
Míguez
2. De modo que, al buscar (en Platón) una enseñanza sobre nuestra alma, tocamos necesariamente esta cuestión sobre el alma en general, esto es, cómo se mantiene unida el alma al cuerpo. Pero con ella está relacionada también otra cuestión sobre la naturaleza del mundo, la de saber cómo debe ser este mundo en el que habita el alma, bien por su voluntad, bien por necesidad o de cualquier otra manera. Abocamos así igualmente a una cuestión sobre el creador y nos preguntamos si ha hecho (…)
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Jowett: truth
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
aletheia
truth, = the right assignment of names, Crat. 385, 431; the basis of good speaking and writing, Phaedr, 260, 278; truth and persuasion, ib. 260; the power of, Apol 17 A; how obtained, Phaedo 65 ; the discovery of, a common good, Gorg. 505 E ; is not lost by men of their own will, Rep. 3. 413 A; the aim of the philosopher, ib. 6. 484, 485, 486 E, 490. 500 C, 501 D; 7.521,537 D; 9. 581, 582 G (cp. Phaedr. 249; Phaedo 82; Rep. 5. 475 E ; 7. 520, 525 ; Theaet. 173 E; Soph. 249, 254 (…)
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Jowett: winds
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
and how the winds bore the sweet savour from the plain into heaven : ALCIBIADES II
Soc. Any violent interpretations of the words should be avoided ; for something to say about them may easily be found. And thus I get rid of pur and udor. Aer (air), Hermogenes, may be explained as the element which raises (airei) things from the earth, or as ever flowing (aei pei), or because the flux of the air is wind, and the poets call the winds "air-blasts," (aetai) ; he who uses the term may mean, so (…)
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Jowett: aletheia
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Her. Well, then, let me ask about the greatest and noblest, such as aletheia (truth) and pseudos (falsehood) and on (being), not forgetting to enquire why the word onoma (name), which is the theme of our discussion, has this name of onoma. CRATYLUS
Soc. The word onoma seems to be a compressed sentence, signifying on ou zetema (being for which there is a search) ; as is still more obvious in onomaston (notable), which states in so many words that real existence is that for which there is a (…)
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Jowett: wife
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : Yes, and mine, noble Alcibiades, to Daedalus, and Daedalus to Hephaestus, son of Zeus ! But take the lines of those people, going back from them : you have a succession of kings reaching to Zeus — on the one hand, kings of Argos and Sparta ; on the other, of Persia, which they have always ruled, and frequently Asia also, as at present ; whereas we are private persons ourselves, and so were our fathers. And then, [121b] suppose that you had to make what show you could of your (…)
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Jowett: otherness
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
If being and the one be two different things, it is not because the one is one that it is other than being ; nor because being is being that it is other than the one ; but they differ from one another in virtue of otherness and difference. PARMENIDES
Then not by reason of otherness is the one other than the not-one, or the not-one other than the one. PARMENIDES
But in that it was the same it will be unlike by virtue of the opposite affection to that which made it and this was the (…)
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Jowett: wickedness
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Pol. That he is wicked I cannot deny ; for he had no title at all to the throne which he now occupies, he being only the son of a woman who was the slave of Alcetas the brother of Perdiccas ; he himself therefore in strict right was the slave of Alcetas ; and if he had meant to do rightly he would have remained his slave, and then, according to your doctrine, he would have been happy. But now he is unspeakably miserable, for he has been guilty of the greatest crimes : in the first place he (…)
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Jowett: Other
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Other means other than other, and different, different from the different ? PARMENIDES
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Jowett: wicked
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Friend : From both ; for they suffer loss from loss and from wicked gain. HIPPARCHUS
Socrates : Pray now, do you consider that any useful and good thing is wicked ? HIPPARCHUS
Socrates : And so with drink and every other class of things that exist, when some things in any class come to be good, and others evil, one thing does not differ from another in that respect whereby they are the same ? For instance, [230c] one man, I suppose, is virtuous, and another wicked. HIPPARCHUS
Socrates (…)
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Jowett: reminiscence
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
anamnesis
reminiscence (anamnesis), a source of knowledge, Meno 81 foil., 98 A ; Phil. 34; illustrated by questions to the slave-boy, Meno 82 foil. (cp. Phaedo 73 A); distinguished from memory, Phaedr. 275 A; Phil. 34.
Soc. At the Egyptian city of Naucratis, there was a famous old god, whose name was Theuth ; the bird which is called the Ibis is sacred to him, and he was the inventor of many arts, such as arithmetic and calculation and geometry and astronomy and draughts and dice, but (…)
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Jowett: wholes
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Then in what way, Socrates, will all things participate in the ideas, if they are unable to participate in them either as parts or wholes ? PARMENIDES
But we said that things which are neither parts nor wholes of one another, nor other than one another, will be the same with one another : — so we said ? PARMENIDES
Str. Then, surely, he who can divide rightly is able to see clearly one form pervading a scattered multitude, and many different forms contained under one higher form ; and (…)
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Jowett: recollection
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Ctesippus will be able to tell you, he said ; for if, as he avers, the sound of my words is always dinning in his ears, he must have a very accurate knowledge and recollection of them. LYSIS
Soc. Because I am sure that if you agree with me in any of the opinions which my soul forms, I have at last found the truth indeed. For I consider that if a man is to make a complete trial of the good or evil of the soul, he ought to have three qualities — knowledge, good-will, outspokenness, which are (…)
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Jowett: weapons
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. In less than no time you shall hear ; for I cannot say that I did not attend — I paid great attention to them, and I remember and will endeavour to repeat the whole story. Providentially I was sitting alone in the dressing-room of the Lyceum where you saw me, and was about to depart ; when I was getting up I recognized the familiar divine sign : so I sat down again, and in a little while the two brothers Euthydemus and Dionysodorus came in, and several others with them, whom I believe (…)
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Jowett: Necessity
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
ananke
Necessities, the, of life, Rep. 2. 369, 373 A.
Necessity, the mother of the Fates, Rep. 10. 616, 617, 621 A.
Necessity, not so strong a tie as desire, Crat. 403; not even God can fight against, Laws 5. 741 A; 7. 818 A;—’the necessity which lovers know,’ Rep. 5. 458 E ;—’ the necessity of Diomedes,’ it. 6. 493 D.
— The previous speakers, instead of praising the god Love, or unfolding his nature, appear to have congratulated mankind on the benefits which he confers upon them. (…)
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Jowett: weave
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And do you think that a state would be well ordered by a law which compelled every man to weave and wash his own coat, and make his own shoes, and his own flask and strigil, and other implements, on this principle of every one doing and performing his own, and abstaining from what is not his own ? CHARMIDES
Soc. And with which we weave ? CRATYLUS
Soc. And I ask again, "What do we do when we weave ?" — The answer is, that we separate or disengage the warp from the woof. CRATYLUS
Theod. (…)
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Jowett: anagke
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
ananke = Necessity
Soc. Why yes, the end I now dedicate to God, not, however, until I have explained anagke (necessity), which ought to come next, and ekousion (the voluntary). Ekousion is certainly the yielding (eikon) and unresisting — the notion implied is yielding and not opposing, yielding, as I was just now saying, to that motion which is in accordance with our will ; but the necessary and resistant being contrary to our will, implies error and ignorance ; the idea is taken from (…)
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Jowett: weaver
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Monster ! I said ; you have been carrying me round in a circle, and all this time hiding from me the fact that the life according to knowledge is not that which makes men act rightly and be happy, not even if knowledge include all the sciences, but one science only, that of good and evil. For, let me ask you, Critias, whether, if you take away this, medicine will not equally give health, and shoemaking equally produce shoes, and the art of the weaver clothes ? — whether the art of the pilot (…)
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Jowett: anagkaion
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
ananke = Necessity
Soc. Why yes, the end I now dedicate to God, not, however, until I have explained anagke (necessity), which ought to come next, and ekousion (the voluntary). Ekousion is certainly the yielding (eikon) and unresisting — the notion implied is yielding and not opposing, yielding, as I was just now saying, to that motion which is in accordance with our will ; but the necessary and resistant being contrary to our will, implies error and ignorance ; the idea is taken from (…)
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Jowett: weaving
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : And by gymnastic over the body, but by weaving [128d] and the rest over what belongs to the body ? ALCIBIADES I
And the healing art, my friend, and building, and weaving, and doing anything whatever which is done by art, — these all clearly come under the head of doing ? CHARMIDES
That is not the true way of pursuing the enquiry, Socrates, he said ; for wisdom is not like the other sciences, any more than they are like one another : but you proceed as if they were alike. For (…)