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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: wealth
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : Hence the state or soul that is to live aright must hold fast to this knowledge, exactly as a sick man does to a doctor, or as he who would voyage safely does to a pilot. For without this, [147a] the more briskly it is wafted by fortune either to the acquisition of wealth or to bodily strength or aught else of the sort, the greater will be the mistakes in which these things, it would seem, must needs involve it. And he who has acquired the so-called mastery of learning and arts, (…)
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Jowett: courage
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
andreia
courage, a part of virtue, Laches 190, 199; Protag. 349, 350, 353. 359; Laws 1. 631 D foil.; 3. 688 A, 696 B ; 12. 963 ; fourth in the scale of virtue, Laws 1. 630 C, 631 D ; 2. 667 A : = staying at one’s post, Laches 190E; = endurance of the soul, ib. 192 ; =knowledge of that which inspires fear or confidence, ib. 195 (cp. Rep. 2. 376; 4. 429 C, 442 B); = knowledge of that which is not dangerous, Protag. 360 ;—courage not to be ascribed to children or animals, Laches 196 E (but (…)
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Jowett: weakness
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Education and admonition commence in the first years of childhood, and last to the very end of life. Mother and nurse and father and tutor are vying with one another about the improvement of the child as soon as ever he is able to understand what is being said to him : he cannot say or do anything without their setting forth to him that this is just and that is unjust ; this is honourable, that is dishonourable ; this is holy, that is unholy ; do this and abstain from that. And if he obeys, (…)
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Jowett: anxiety
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Demodocus : Nay, Socrates, there is nothing amiss in what he says, and you will oblige me at the same time ; for I should count it the greatest possible stroke of luck if he should welcome your instruction and you also should consent to instruct him. Nay, indeed, I am quite ashamed to say how keenly I wish it ; but I entreat you both — you, to consent to teach Theages, and you, to seek the teaching of no one else than Socrates ; you will thus relieve me [127c] of a harassing load of anxiety. (…)
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Jowett: water
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Who knows if life be not death and death life ; and that we are very likely dead ; I have heard a philosopher say that at this moment we are actually dead, and that the body (soma) is our tomb (sema), and that the part of the soul which is the seat of the desires is liable to be tossed about by words and blown up and down ; and some ingenious person, probably a Sicilian or an Italian, playing with the word, invented a tale in which he called the soul — because of its believing and (…)
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Jowett: sick man
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
[139e] Socrates : And do you believe that a sick man must necessarily have the gout, or a fever, or ophthalmia ? Do you not think that, although he may be afflicted in none of these ways, he may be suffering from some other disease ? For surely there are many of them : these are not the only ones. ALCIBIADES II Socrates : Hence the state or soul that is to live aright must hold fast to this knowledge, exactly as a sick man does to a doctor, or as he who would voyage safely does to a pilot. (…)
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Jowett: Water
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
In the next place we have to consider that there are divers kinds of fire. There are, for example, first, flame ; and secondly, those emanations of flame which do not burn but only give light to the eyes ; thirdly, the remains of fire, which are seen in red-hot embers after the flame has been extinguished. There are similar differences in the air ; of which the brightest part is called the aether, and the most turbid sort mist and darkness ; and there are various other nameless kinds which (…)
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Jowett: happy man
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : So you see it is not safe either to accept casually what one is given, or to pray for one’s own advancement, if one is going to be injured in consequence, or deprived of one’s life altogether. Yet we could tell of [141d] many ere now who, having desired sovereignty, and endeavored to secure it, with the idea of working for their good, have lost their lives by plots which their sovereignty has provoked. And I expect you are not unacquainted with certain events "of a day or two (…)
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Jowett: watchfulness
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Ath. And to what earthly rulers can they be compared, or who to them ? How in the less can we find an image of the greater ? Are they charioteers of contending pairs of steeds, or pilots of vessels ? Perhaps they might be compared to the generals of armies, or they might be likened to physicians providing against the diseases which make war upon the body, or to husbandmen observing anxiously the effects of the seasons on the growth of plants ; or I perhaps, to shepherds of flocks. For as we (…)
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Jowett: man who knows
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : Nor, I conceive, a man who knows what war is in itself, without knowing when or for how long a time it is better to make war ? ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : Nor, again, a man who knows how to kill another, or seize his property, or make him an exile from his native land, without knowing when or to whom it is better so to behave ? ALCIBIADES II
[145c] Socrates : Then it is a man who knows something of this sort, and is assisted by knowledge of what is best, — and this is surely the (…)
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Jowett: wars
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. But, as you say, people regard the same things, some as just and others as unjust, — about these they dispute ; and so there arise wars and fightings among them. EUTHYPHRO
And when they consider all this, must not true philosophers make a reflection, of which they will speak to one another in such words as these : We have found, they will say, a path of speculation which seems to bring us and the argument to the conclusion that while we are in the body, and while the soul is mingled (…)
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Jowett: educated man
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
I next asked him if it was not impossible for the same person to learn in this way merely two of the arts, not to speak of many or the principal ones ; to which he replied : Do not conceive me, Socrates, [135d] to be stating that the philosopher must have accurate knowledge of each of the arts, like the actual adept in any of them ; I mean only so far as may be expected of a free and educated man : that is, he should be able to follow the explanations of the craftsman more readily than the (…)
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Jowett: warriors
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Then Darius, accusing us and the Eretrians of having plotted against Sardis, dispatched fifty myriads of men in transports and warships, together with three hundred ships of war, and Datis as their commander ; [240b] and him the king ordered to bring back the Eretrians and Athenians in captivity, if he wished to keep his own head. He then sailed to Eretria against men who were amongst the most famous warriors in Greece at that time, and by no means few in number ; them he overpowered within (…)
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Jowett: free man
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
[135b] At this the wiser one interjected : The finest and most suitable kinds of learning are those which will bring him the most reputation for philosophy ; and he will get most reputation if he appears well versed in all the arts, or if not in all, in as many of them, and those the most considerable, as he can, by learning so much of them as befits a free man to learn, that is, what belongs to the understanding rather than the handiwork of each. LOVERS
So then, Socrates, when I hear you (…)
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Jowett: warrior
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And may not the same be said of a king ? a king will often be the son of a king, the good son or the noble son of a good or noble sire ; and similarly the off spring of every kind, in the regular course of nature, is like the parent, and therefore has the same name. Yet the syllables may be disguised until they appear different to the ignorant person, and he may not recognize them, although they are the same, just as any one of us would not recognize the same drugs under different (…)
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Jowett: just man
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Hence they are all the same, it seems, — king, despot, statesman, house-manager, master, and the temperate man and the just man ; and it is all one art, — the kingly, the despotic, the statesman’s, the master’s, the house-manager’s, and justice and temperance. LOVERS
Then he who was reputed to be their most powerful exponent of these matters answered me and said that this art is precisely that which, said he, you hear Socrates describing, — nothing else than justice. I then replied — "Do (…)
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Jowett: warm
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And do they speak great things of the great, rejoined Euthydemus, and warm things of the warm ? EUTHYDEMUS
And if that which is cold were imperishable, when the warm principle came attacking the snow, must not the snow have retired whole and unmelted — for it could never have perished, nor could it have remained and admitted the heat ? PHAEDO
Again, if the uncooling or warm principle were imperishable, the fire when assailed by cold would not have perished or have been extinguished, but (…)
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Jowett: temperate man
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Hence they are all the same, it seems, — king, despot, statesman, house-manager, master, and the temperate man and the just man ; and it is all one art, — the kingly, the despotic, the statesman’s, the master’s, the house-manager’s, and justice and temperance. LOVERS
Then the wise or temperate man, and he only, will know himself, and be able to examine what he knows or does not know, and to see what others know and think that they know and do really know ; and what they do not know, and (…)
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Jowett: warfare
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. As to their origin, I believe that they are natives of this part of the world, and have migrated from Chios to Thurii ; they were driven out of Thurii, and have been living for many years past in these regions. As to their wisdom, about which you ask, Crito, they are wonderful-consummate ! I never knew what the true pancratiast was before ; they are simply made up of fighting, not like the two Acarnanian brothers who fight with their bodies only, but this pair of heroes, besides being (…)
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Jowett: sensible man
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : Demodocus, your zeal is no wonder to me, if you suppose that I especially could be of use to him ; for I know of nothing for which a sensible man could be more zealous than for his own son’s utmost improvement. But how you came to form this opinion, that I would be better able to be of use to your son in his aim of becoming a good citizen than you would yourself, and how he came to suppose that I rather than yourself would be of use to him — this does fill me with wonder. For you, (…)