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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: act
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. But they join issue about the particulars — gods and men alike ; and, if they dispute at all, they dispute about some act which is called in question, and which by some is affirmed to be just, by others to be unjust. Is not that true ? EUTHYPHRO
Soc. Well then, my dear friend Euthyphro, do tell me, for my better instruction and information, what proof have you that in the opinion of all the gods a servant who is guilty of murder, and is put in chains by the master of the dead man, and (…)
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Jowett: intelligible
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And a thing is not seen because it is visible, but conversely, visible because it is seen ; nor is a thing led because it is in the state of being led, or carried because it is in the state of being carried, but the converse of this. And now I think, Euthyphro, that my meaning will be intelligible ; and my meaning is, that any state of action or passion implies previous action or passion. It does not become because it is becoming, but it is in a state of becoming because it becomes ; (…)
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Jowett: acts
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
So it was nothing to their purpose to sacrifice and pay tribute of gifts in vain, when they were hated by the gods. For it is not, I imagine, the way of the gods to be seduced with gifts, like a base insurer. And indeed it is but silly talk of ours, if we claim to surpass the Spartans on this score. For it would be a strange thing if the gods had regard to our gifts and sacrifices instead of our souls, and the piety and [150a] justice that may be found in any of us. Far rather at these, I (…)
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Jowett: intemperance
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
temperance
intemperance, see drunkenness, intoxication :—intemperance of love, Tim. 86. Soc. Then injustice and intemperance, and in general the depravity of the soul, are the greatest of evils ! GORGIAS
Soc. Then the art of money-making frees a man from poverty ; medicine from disease ; and justice from intemperance and injustice ? GORGIAS
Cal. Quite so, Socrates ; and they are really fools, for how can a man be happy who is the servant of anything ? On the contrary, I plainly (…)
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Jowett: bad acts
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : In running, then, he who does bad acts involuntarily is worse than he who does them voluntarily ? LESSER HIPPIAS
Socrates : And how is it in every other bodily exercise ? Is not he who is the better man in respect to his body able to perform both kinds of acts, the strong and the weak, the disgraceful and the fine, [374b] so that whenever he performs bad acts of a bodily kind, he who is the better man in respect to his body does them voluntarily, but he who is worse does them (…)
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Jowett: intemperate
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
intemperance
Intemperate life, the, not to be preferred to the temperate, Gorg. 493, 494; Laws 5. 733 E foil.; no man voluntarily intemperate, Laws 5. 734 B.
I answer, Socrates, he said, that all these qualities are parts of virtue, and that four out of the five are to some extent similar, and that the fifth of them, which is courage, is very different from the other four, as I prove in this way : You may observe that many men are utterly unrighteous, unholy, intemperate, ignorant, who (…)
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Jowett: disgraceful acts
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : In wrestling also, then, he who performs bad and disgraceful acts voluntarily is a better wrestler than he who performs them involuntarily. LESSER HIPPIAS
Socrates : This more powerful and wiser soul, then, was found to be better and to have more power to do both good and disgraceful acts in every kind of action was it not ? LESSER HIPPIAS
Socrates : Whenever, then, it does disgraceful acts, it does them voluntarily, by reason of power and art ; and these, either one or both (…)
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Jowett: Drunkenness
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
intemparance
Drunkenness, Phaedr. 238 A; in heaven, Rep. 2. 363 D ; forbidden in the guardians, ib. 3. 398 E, 403 E; not allowed at Lace-daemon, Laws 1, 637 B ; injury caused by, ib. 640 E; at marriages unlawful, ib. 6. 775 ’—the drunken man apt to be tyrannical, Rep. 8. 573 C ; is in a second childhood, Laws 1. 645 E, 646 A ; fancies himself able to rule the whole world, ib. 2. 671 B. The betrothal by a father shall be valid in the first degree, that by a grandfather in the second (…)
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Jowett: unjust acts
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : Then he who voluntarily errs and does disgraceful and unjust acts, Hippias, if there be such a man, would be no other than the good man. LESSER HIPPIAS
Cle. I agree with you, Stranger ; for one of two things is certain : either we must not say that all unjust acts are involuntary, or we must show the meaning and truth of this statement. LAWS BOOK IX
Ath. What else can he say who declares that the Gods are always lenient to the doers of unjust acts, if they divide the spoil (…)
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Jowett: drunkenness
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Drunkenness
I mean to say that men who have followed after gluttony, and wantonness, and drunkenness, and have had no thought of avoiding them, would pass into asses and animals of that sort. What do you think ? PHAEDO
Ath. And that sort of meeting, if attended with drunkenness, is apt to be unquiet. LAWS BOOK I
Still grander are the gifts of heaven which Musaeus and his son vouchsafe to the just ; they take them down into the world below, where they have the saints lying on couches at (…)
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Jowett: acts of violence
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Str. Then we separated off the currier’s art, which prepared coverings in entire pieces, and the art of sheltering, and subtracted the various arts of making water-tight which are employed in building, and in general in carpentering, and in other crafts, and all such arts as furnish impediments to thieving and acts of violence, and are concerned with making the lids of boxes and the fixing of doors, being divisions of the art of joining ; and we also cut off the manufacture of arms, which is (…)
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Jowett: drunken
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Drunkenness
Surely, I said, knowledge is the food of the soul ; and we must take care, my friend, that the Sophist does not deceive us when he praises what he sells, like the dealers wholesale or retail who sell the food of the body ; for they praise indiscriminately all their goods, without knowing what are really beneficial or hurtful : neither do their customers know, with the exception of any trainer or physician who may happen to buy of them. In like manner those who carry about the (…)
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Jowett: political acts
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
[3.315c] But as for me, I would not call upon a man, and much less a god, and bid him enjoy himself — a god, because I would be imposing a task contrary to his nature (since the Deity has his abode far beyond pleasure or pain), — nor yet a man, because pleasure and pain generate mischief for the most part, since they breed in the soul mental sloth and forgetfulness and witlessness and insolence. Let such, then, be my declaration regarding the mode of address ; and you, when you read it, (…)
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Jowett: intoxication
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Drunkenness intemperance
Intoxication, not allowed in the state, Rep. 3. 398 E, 403 ; forbidden at Lacedaemon, Laws 1. 637 ; common at Athens during the Dionysia, ib. C ; permitted among the Scythians, etc., ibid.; nature of, discussed, ibid. foil. ; use of, ib. 645, 646; only to be allowed to the old, ib. 2. 666 B. See Drinking, Festivities.
[319c] Now here in Homer we have a eulogy of Minos, briefly expressed, such as the poet never composed for a single one of the heroes. For that (…)
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Jowett: act rightly
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : What ? For the Lacedaemonians is it the hereditary usage not to act rightly, [284c] but to commit errors ? GREATER HIPPIAS
Socrates : Would they, then, not act rightly in educating the young men better, but not in educating them worse ? GREATER HIPPIAS
And when men act rightly and advantageously they seem to you to be temperate ? PROTAGORAS
And they who do not act rightly act foolishly, and in acting thus are not temperate ? PROTAGORAS
Monster ! I said ; you have been (…)
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Jowett: idea
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
ideas
I understand, said Socrates, and quite accept your account. But tell me, Zeno, do you not further think that there is an idea of likeness in itself, and another idea of unlikeness, which is the opposite of likeness, and that in these two, you and I and all other things to which we apply the term many, participate — things which participate in likeness become in that degree and manner like ; and so far as they participate in unlikeness become in that degree unlike, or both like and (…)
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Jowett: act justly
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
[134d] Socrates : For you and the state, if you act justly and temperately, will act so as to please God. ALCIBIADES I
Str. And this we believe to be the origin of the tyrant and the king, of oligarchies, and aristocracies, and democracies — because men are offended at the one monarch, and can never be made to believe that any one can be worthy of such authority, or is able and willing in the spirit of virtue and knowledge to act justly and holily to all ; they fancy that he will be a (…)
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Jowett: ignorance
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Alcibiades : It is difficult, Socrates, to gainsay what has been well spoken : one thing, however, I do observe — how many evils are caused to men by ignorance, when, as it seems, we are beguiled by her not only into doing, [143b] but — worst of all — into praying to be granted the greatest evils. Now that is a thing that no one would suppose of himself ; each of us would rather suppose he was competent to pray for his own greatest good, not his greatest evil. Why, that would seem, in truth, (…)
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Jowett: act unjustly
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : But if you act unjustly, with your eyes on the godless and dark, the probability is that your acts will resemble these through your ignorance of yourselves. ALCIBIADES I
And that, Callicles, is just what you are now doing. You praise the men who feasted the citizens and satisfied their desires, and people say that they have made the city great, not seeing that the swollen And ulcerated condition of the State is to be attributed to these elder statesmen ; for they have filled the (…)
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Jowett: ignorant
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Alcibiades : How do you mean ? Can there be anything of which it is better for anybody, in any condition whatsoever, to be ignorant than cognizant ? ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : Then it seems that ignorance of what is best, and to be ignorant of the best, is a bad thing. ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : Then let us consider this further case. Suppose it should quite suddenly occur to your mind that you had better take a dagger and go to the door of Pericles, your own guardian and friend, [144a] and (…)