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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: knowledge
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Knowledge
[145c] Socrates : Then it is a man who knows something of this sort, and is assisted by knowledge of what is best, — and this is surely the same as knowledge of the useful, is it not ? ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : Then do you think it inevitable that he who has some knowledge about these things should also be a wise man, [145e] or shall we say he comes far short of it ? ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : Then what sort of state do you suppose it would be, where the people were good bowmen (…)
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Jowett: better soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : Will not, then, the more powerful and better soul, when it does injustice, do it voluntarily, and the bad soul involuntarily ? LESSER HIPPIAS
Ath. And which may be supposed to be the truer judgment — that of the inferior or of the better soul ? LAWS BOOK II
Cle. Surely, that of the better soul. LAWS BOOK II
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Jowett: episteme
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Knowledge
Soc. I am afraid, Meno, that you and I are not good for much, and that Gorgias has been as poor an educator of you as Prodicus has been of me. Certainly we shall have to look to ourselves, and try to find some one who will help in some way or other to improve us. This I say, because I observe that in the previous discussion none of us remarked that right and good action is possible to man under other guidance than that of knowledge (episteme) ; — and indeed if this be denied, (…)
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Jowett: body and soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. The reason is, Callicles, that the love of Demus which abides in your soul is an adversary to me ; but I dare say that if we recur to these same matters, and consider them more thoroughly, you may be convinced for all that. Please, then, to remember that there are two processes of training all things, including body and soul ; in the one, as we said, we treat them with a view to pleasure, and in the other with a view to the highest good, and then we do not indulge but resist them : was (…)
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Jowett: gnome
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
judgment
Soc. That is a tremendous class of names which you are disinterring ; still, as I have put on the lion’s skin, I must not be faint of heart ; and I suppose that I must consider the meaning of wisdom (phronesis) and understanding (sunesis), and judgment (gnome), and knowledge (episteme), and all those other charming words, as you call them ? CRATYLUS
Soc. Phronesis (wisdom), which may signify Phoras kai rhou noesis (perception of motion and flux), or perhaps Phoras onesis (the (…)
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Jowett: homicidal soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
If a man do not commit a murder with his own hand, but contrives the death of another, and is the author of the deed in intention and design, and he continues to dwell in the city, having his soul not pure of the guilt of murder, let him be tried in the same way, except in what relates to the sureties ; and also, if he be found guilty, his body after execution may have burial in his native land, but in all other respects his case shall be as the former ; and whether a stranger shall kill a (…)
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Jowett: judgment
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
gnome
Soc. Then he who has no knowledge of a particular art will have no right judgment of the sayings and doings of that art ? ION
But, setting aside the question of dishonor, there seems to be something wrong in petitioning a judge, and thus procuring an acquittal instead of informing and convincing him. For his duty is, not to make a present of justice, but to give judgment ; and he has sworn that he will judge according to the laws, and not according to his own good pleasure ; and (…)
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Plotino - Tratado 27,19 (IV, 3, 19) — Um comentário do Timeu 35a-b
20 de abril de 2022, por Cardoso de Castro
Míguez
19. ¿Habrá que afirmar que lo indivisible y lo divisible aparecen como mezclados en el alma, o bien que lo indivisible pertenece al alma de algún modo y según cierto punto de vista, y lo divisible de otro modo, pero consecuente con el primero, siendo ambos cual dos partes del alma, a la manera como decirnos que la parte razonable es una, y otra, en cambio, la parte irrazonable de aquélla? Convendría conocer qué sentido damos a cada uno de estos términos; porque (Platón) habla de lo (…)
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Jowett: best soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Ath. If, my friend, we say that the whole path and movement of heaven, and of all that is therein, is by nature akin to the movement and revolution and calculation of mind, and proceeds by kindred laws, then, as is plain, we must say that the best soul takes care of the world and guides it along the good pAth. LAWS BOOK X
Ath. Then, after what has been said, there is no difficulty in distinctly stating, that since soul carries all things round, either the best soul or the contrary must of (…)
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Jowett: judge
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
judgment
Judge, the, ought not to be influenced by compassion, Apol. 35 (cp. Laws 12. 949 A); a physician of the soul, Gorg. 478, 480 A; must himself be virtuous, Rep. .3.409; his virtue, only to decide according to the standard fixed by the legislator, Statesm. 305; distinguished from the statesman, ibid.; should aim at reconciling the contending, parties, Laws 1.627 E ; should co-operate with the legislator, ib. 11. 934 B ; must take the writings of the legislator as his guide, ib. 12. (…)
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Jowett: individual soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
But a further question arises : Is passion different from reason also, or only a kind of reason ; in which latter case, instead of three principles in the soul, there will only be two, the rational and the concupiscent ; or rather, as the State was composed of three classes, traders, auxiliaries, counsellors, so may there not be in the individual soul a third element which is passion or spirit, and when not corrupted by bad education is the natural auxiliary of reason ? THE REPUBLIC BOOK IV (…)
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Jowett: judges
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
judge
Soc. And he who judges of the good will be the same as he who judges of the bad speakers ? ION
Tell the judges, then, who is their improver ; for you must know, as you have taken the pains to discover their corrupter, and are citing and accusing me before them. Speak, then, and tell the judges who their improver is. Observe, Meletus, that you are silent, and have nothing to say. But is not this rather disgraceful, and a very considerable proof of what I was saying, that you have no (…)
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Jowett: concupiscent soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And these two, thus nurtured and educated, and having learned truly to know their own functions, will rule over the concupiscent, which in each of us is the largest part of the soul and by nature most insatiable of gain ; over this they will keep guard, lest, waxing great and strong with the fulness of bodily pleasures, as they are termed, the concupiscent soul, no longer confined to her own sphere, should attempt to enslave and rule those who are not her natural-born subjects, and overturn (…)
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Jowett: God
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : "Cleitomachus," he said, "I tell you I am going to my death now, because I would not take Socrates’ advice." Now, why on earth did Timarchus say that ? I will tell you. When Timarchus and Philemon, [129b] son of Philemonides, got up from the wine-party to kill Nicias, son of Heroscamandrus, those two alone had knowledge of the plot ; and Timarchus, as he got up, said to me : "What say you, Socrates ? Go on drinking, all of you ; I have to get up and go somewhere, but I will join (…)
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Jowett: pleasures of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. The fifth class are the pleasures which were defined by us as painless, being the pure pleasures of the soul herself, as we termed them, which accompany, some the sciences, and some the senses. PHILEBUS
He whose desires are drawn toward knowledge in every form will be absorbed in the pleasures of the soul, and will hardly feel bodily pleasure — I mean, if he be a true philosopher and not a sham one. THE REPUBLIC BOOK VI
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Jowett: god
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
God, the Great Artist, Rep. 10. 596 (cp. Laws 10. 902 E); the Maker of all things, Rep. 10. 597 C; the best of causes, Tim. 29 A; the Creator, it. 30 foil.; Soph. 265; Statesm. 269,270 (cp.. Laws 10. 886 foil.); assisted in His work by subordinate deities, Tim. 41 A ; the Shepherd, Crit. 109; Statesm. 271, 275;—alone is wise, Phaedr. 278 D (cp. Tim. 51 E); not the author of evil, Rep. 2. 379, 380 A ; 3. 391 C (cp. 2. 364; Laws 2. 672 B); never changes, Rep. 2. 380; will not lie, it. 382 ; (…)
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Jowett: gymnastics of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Just the opposite. In childhood and youth their study, and what philosophy they learn, should be suited to their tender years : during this period while they are growing up toward manhood, the chief and special care should be given to their bodies that they may have them to use in the service of philosophy ; as life advances and the intellect begins to mature, let them increase the gymnastics of the soul ; but when the strength of our citizens fails and is past civil and military duties, (…)
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Jowett: goddess
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
god
By the goddess Here, that is good news ! There are plenty of improvers, then. And what do you say of the audience, — do they improve them ? APOLOGY
Someone will say : And are you not ashamed, Socrates, of a course of life which is likely to bring you to an untimely end ? To him I may fairly answer : There you are mistaken : a man who is good for anything ought not to calculate the chance of living or dying ; he ought only to consider whether in doing anything he is doing right or (…)
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Jowett: ascent of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
This entire allegory, I said, you may now append, dear Glaucon, to the previous argument ; the prison-house is the world of sight, the light of the fire is the sun, and you will not misapprehend me if you interpret the journey upward to be the ascent of the soul into the intellectual world according to my poor belief, which, at your desire, I have expressed — whether rightly or wrongly, God knows. But, whether true or false, my opinion is that in the world of knowledge the idea of good (…)
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Jowett: Goddess
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
god
Soc. All of them sprang either from the love of a God for a mortal woman, or of a mortal man for a Goddess ; think of the word in the old Attic, and you will see better that the name heros is only a slight alteration of Eros, from whom the heroes sprang : either this is the meaning, or, if not this, then they must have been skilful as rhetoricians and dialecticians, and able to put the question (erotan), for eirein is equivalent to legein. And therefore, as I was saying, in the Attic (…)