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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: kinds of pleasure
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Pro. That is a very serious question, Philebus, to which Socrates has ingeniously brought us round, and please to consider which of us shall answer him ; there may be something ridiculous in my being unable to answer, and therefore imposing the task upon you, when I have undertaken the whole charge of the argument, but if neither of us were able to answer, the result methinks would be still more ridiculous. Let us consider, then, what we are to do : — Socrates, if I understood him rightly, (…)
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Jowett: evil of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And which of the evils is the most disgraceful ? — Is not the most disgraceful of them injustice, and in general the evil of the soul ? GORGIAS
Soc. Then, if, as you would argue, not more painful, the evil of the soul is of all evils the most disgraceful ; and the excess of disgrace must be caused by some preternatural greatness, or extraordinary hurtfulness of the evil. GORGIAS
Soc. Because I am sure that if you agree with me in any of the opinions which my soul forms, I have at (…)
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Jowett: pleasure or pain
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Yet the exchange of one fear or pleasure or pain for another fear or pleasure or pain, which are measured like coins, the greater with the less, is not the exchange of virtue. O my dear Simmias, is there not one true coin for which all things ought to exchange ? — and that is wisdom ; and only in exchange for this, and in company with this, is anything truly bought or sold, whether courage or temperance or justice. And is not all true virtue the companion of wisdom, no matter what fears or (…)
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Jowett: part of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
[133c] Socrates : And can we find any part of the soul that we can call more divine than this, which is the seat of knowledge and thought ? ALCIBIADES I
Who knows if life be not death and death life ; and that we are very likely dead ; I have heard a philosopher say that at this moment we are actually dead, and that the body (soma) is our tomb (sema), and that the part of the soul which is the seat of the desires is liable to be tossed about by words and blown up and down ; and some (…)
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Jowett: excess of pleasure
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Pro. I understand you, and see that there is a great difference between them ; the temperate are restrained by the wise man’s aphorism of "Never too much," which is their rule, but excess of pleasure possessing the minds of fools and wantons becomes madness and makes them shout with delight. PHILEBUS
I perceive, I said, that you have or have had experiences of this sort, and I agree. But let me ask you another question : Has excess of pleasure any affinity to temperance ? THE REPUBLIC BOOK III
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Jowett: body or soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And in all that concerns either body or soul, swiftness and activity are clearly better than slowness and quietness ? CHARMIDES
Soc. Listen to me, then, while I recapitulate the argument : — Is the pleasant the same as the good ? Not the same. Callicles and I are agreed about that. And is the pleasant to be pursued for the sake of the good ? or the good for the sake of the pleasant ? The pleasant is to be pursued for the sake of the good. And that is pleasant at the presence of which we (…)
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Jowett: pleasure nor pain
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Pro. Why then, Socrates, I should suppose that there would be neither pleasure nor pain. PHILEBUS
Soc. Then he who chooses thus, would choose generation and destruction rather than that third sort of life, in which, as we were saying, was neither pleasure nor pain, but only the purest possible thought. PHILEBUS
Ath. Enough of laws relating to education and learning. But hunting and similar pursuits in like manner claim our attention. For the legislator appears to have a duty imposed upon (…)
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Jowett: temperate soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. Listen to me, then, while I recapitulate the argument : — Is the pleasant the same as the good ? Not the same. Callicles and I are agreed about that. And is the pleasant to be pursued for the sake of the good ? or the good for the sake of the pleasant ? The pleasant is to be pursued for the sake of the good. And that is pleasant at the presence of which we are pleased, and that is good at the presence of which we are good ? To be sure. And we — good, and all good things whatever are (…)
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Jowett: pleasure and amusement
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Now Atlas had a numerous and honourable family, and they retained the kingdom, the eldest son handing it on to his eldest for many generations ; and they had such an amount of wealth as was never before possessed by kings and potentates, and is not likely ever to be again, and they were furnished with everything which they needed, both in the city and country. For because of the greatness of their empire many things were brought to them from foreign countries, and the island itself provided (…)
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Jowett: soul and body
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And now I will endeavour to explain to you more clearly what I mean : The soul and body being two, have two arts corresponding to them : there is the art of politics attending on the soul ; and another art attending on the body, of which I know no single name, but which may be described as having two divisions, one of them gymnastic, and the other medicine. And in politics there is a legislative part, which answers to gymnastic, as justice does to medicine ; and the two parts run into (…)
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Jowett: pleasure
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Enough has now been said of divine matters, both as touching the practices which men ought to follow, and as to the sort of persons who they ought severally to be. But of human things we have not as yet spoken, and we must ; for to men we are discoursing and not to Gods. Pleasures and pains and desires are a part of human nature, and on them every mortal being must of necessity hang and depend with the most eager interest. And therefore we must praise the noblest life, not only as the (…)
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Jowett: soul of man
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. Some of them were priests and priestesses, who had studied how they might be able to give a reason of their profession : there, have been poets also, who spoke of these things by inspiration, like Pindar, and many others who were inspired. And they say — mark, now, and see whether their words are true — they say that the soul of man is immortal, and at one time has an end, which is termed dying, and at another time is born again, but is never destroyed. And the moral is, that a man (…)
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Jowett: sense of pleasure
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. I want to know whether any one of us would consent to live, having wisdom and mind and knowledge and memory of all things, but having no sense of pleasure or pain, and wholly unaffected by these and the like feelings ? PHILEBUS
Ath. We will suppose that he knows the good to be good, and the bad to be bad, and makes use of them accordingly : which now is the better trained in dancing and music — he who is able to move his body and to use his voice in what is understood to be the right (…)
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Jowett: goods of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. Next, let us consider the goods of the soul : they are temperance, justice, courage, quickness of apprehension, memory, magnanimity, and the like ? MENO
Str. In the second place, he was a merchant in the goods of the soul. SOPHIST
Ath. We maintain, then, that a State which would be safe and happy, as far as the nature of man allows, must and ought to distribute honour and dishonour in the right way. And the right way is to place the goods of the soul first and highest in the scale, (…)
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Jowett: mathematician
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. Why, my dear boy, you are young, and therefore your ear is quickly caught and your mind influenced by popular arguments. Protagoras, or some one speaking on his behalf, will doubtless say in reply, good people, young and old, you meet and harangue, and bring in the gods, whose existence of non-existence I banish from writing and speech, or you talk about the reason of man being degraded to the level of the brutes, which is a telling argument with the multitude, but not one word of proof (…)
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Jowett: quality of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. If then virtue is a quality of the soul, and is admitted to be profitable, it must be wisdom or prudence, since none of the things of the soul are either profitable or hurtful in themselves, but they are all made profitable or hurtful by the addition of wisdom or of folly ; and therefore and therefore if virtue is profitable, virtue must be a sort of wisdom or prudence ? MENO
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Jowett: cosmos
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Thus far and until the birth of time the created universe was made in the likeness of the original, but inasmuch as all animals were not yet comprehended therein, it was still unlike. What remained, the creator then proceeded to fashion after the nature of the pattern. Now as in the ideal animal the mind perceives ideas or species of a certain nature and number, he thought that this created animal ought to have species of a like nature and number. There are four such ; one of them is the (…)
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Jowett: things of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. If then virtue is a quality of the soul, and is admitted to be profitable, it must be wisdom or prudence, since none of the things of the soul are either profitable or hurtful in themselves, but they are all made profitable or hurtful by the addition of wisdom or of folly ; and therefore and therefore if virtue is profitable, virtue must be a sort of wisdom or prudence ? MENO
Soc. And the other goods, such as wealth and the like, of which we were just now saying that they are (…)
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Jowett: Cosmos
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And will not the temperate man do what is proper, both in relation to the gods and to men ; — for he would not be temperate if he did not ? Certainly he will do what is proper. In his relation to other men he will do what is just ; See and in his relation to the gods he will do what is holy ; and he who does what is just and holy must be just and holy ? Very true. And must he not be courageous ? for the duty of a temperate man is not to follow or to avoid what he ought not, but what he (…)
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Jowett: wise soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And the wise soul guides them rightly, and the foolish soul wrongly. MENO
Once more, he said, what ruling principle is there of human things other than the soul, and especially the wise soul ? Do you know of any ? PHAEDO
Str. And that the just and wise soul becomes just and wise by the possession of justice and wisdom, and the opposite under opposite circumstances ? SOPHIST