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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: discerning
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Any one who pays the least attention to the subject will also perceive that in music there is the same reconciliation of opposites ; and I suppose that this must have been the meaning of Heracleitus, although his words are not accurate, for he says that is united by disunion, like the harmony of bow and the lyre. Now there is an absurdity saying that harmony is discord or is composed of elements which are still in a state of discord. But what he probably meant was, that, harmony is composed (…)
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Jowett: air
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Once upon a time there were gods only, and no mortal creatures. But when the time came that these also should be created, the gods fashioned them out of earth and fire and various mixtures of both elements in the interior of the earth ; and when they were about to bring them into the light of day, they ordered Prometheus and Epimetheus to equip them, and to distribute to them severally their proper qualities. Epimetheus said to Prometheus : "Let me distribute, and do you inspect." This was (…)
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Jowett: discern
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
That be might well discern both god and man, ALCIBIADES II
[150e] so you too must first have the mist removed which now enwraps your soul, and then you will be ready to receive the means whereby you will discern both evil and good. For at present I do not think you could do so. ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : Then we were not quite correct in admitting just now that there are people who, without knowing themselves, know their belongings, while others know their belongings’ belongings. For it (…)
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Jowett: airete
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And mine, too, Hermogenes. But do not be too much of a precisian, or "you will unnerve me of my strength." When you have allowed me to add mechane (contrivance) to techne (art) I shall be at the top of my bent, for I conceive mechane to be a sign of great accomplishment — anein ; for mekos the meaning of greatness, and these two, mekos and anein, make up the word mechane. But, as I was saying, being now at the top of my bent, I should like to consider the meaning of the two words arete (…)
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Jowett: discerned
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. Capital, my friend ! and I may add that they are almost as hard to be discerned as the gods. For the true philosophers, and such as are not merely made up for the occasion, appear in various forms unrecognized by the ignorance of men, and they "hover about cities," as Homer declares, looking from above upon human life ; and some think nothing of them, and others can never think enough ; and sometimes they appear as statesmen, and sometimes as sophists ; and then, again, to many they (…)
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Jowett: aischron
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Her. Very likely you are right ; but suppose that we leave these words and endeavour to see the rationale of kalon and aischron. CRATYLUS
Soc. The meaning of aischron is evident, being only aei ischon roes (always preventing from flowing), and this is in accordance with our former derivations. For the name-giver was a great enemy to stagnation of all sorts, and hence he gave the name aeischoroun to that which hindered the flux (aei ischon roun), and that is now beaten together into (…)
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Jowett: passionate
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
But the real meaning of the saying, as I imagine, is, that, the good are like one another, friends to one another ; and that the bad, as is often said of them, are never at unity with one another or with themselves ; for they are passionate and restless, and anything which is at variance and enmity with itself is not likely to be in union or harmony with any other thing. Do you not agree ? LYSIS
All this she taught me at various times when she spoke of love. And I remember her once saying (…)
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Jowett: debts
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Menexenus : Yes, I am exceedingly grateful, Socrates, for the oration [249e] to her or to him — whoever it was that repeated it to you ; and what is more, I owe many other debts of gratitude to him that repeated it. MENEXENUS
Ath. The legislators of that day, when they equalized property, escaped the great accusation which generally arises in legislation, if a person attempts to disturb the possession of land, or to abolish debts, because he sees that without this reform there can never be (…)
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Jowett: aporia
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And mine, too, Hermogenes. But do not be too much of a precisian, or "you will unnerve me of my strength." When you have allowed me to add mechane (contrivance) to techne (art) I shall be at the top of my bent, for I conceive mechane to be a sign of great accomplishment — anein ; for mekos the meaning of greatness, and these two, mekos and anein, make up the word mechane. But, as I was saying, being now at the top of my bent, I should like to consider the meaning of the two words arete (…)
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Jowett: mid-wives
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. Bear in mind the whole business of the mid-wives, and then you will see my meaning better : — No woman, as you are probably aware, who is still able to conceive and bear, attends other women, but only those who are past bearing. THEAETETUS
Soc. The reason of this is said to be that Artemis — the goddess of childbirth — is not a mother, and she honours those who are like herself ; but she could not allow the barren to be mid-wives, because human nature cannot know the mystery of an art (…)
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Jowett: infinity
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. Yes ; and he tells how refutation or further refutation is to be managed, whether in accusation or defence. I ought also to mention the illustrious Parian, Evenus, who first invented insinuations and indirect praises ; and also indirect censures, which according to some he put into verse to help the memory. But shall I "to dumb forgetfulness consign" Tisias and Gorgias, who are not ignorant that probability is superior to truth, and who by : force of argument make the little appear (…)
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Jowett: world below
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. But how did you come to have this skill about Homer only, and not about Hesiod or the other poets ? Does not Homer speak of the same themes which all other poets handle ? Is not war his great argument ? and does he not speak of human society and of intercourse of men, good and bad, skilled and unskilled, and of the gods conversing with one another and with mankind, and about what happens in heaven and in the world below, and the generations of gods and heroes ? Are not these the themes (…)
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Jowett: infinite
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Let us reflect in another way, and we shall see that there is great reason to hope that death is a good, for one of two things : — either death is a state of nothingness and utter unconsciousness, or, as men say, there is a change and migration of the soul from this world to another. Now if you suppose that there is no consciousness, but a sleep like the sleep of him who is undisturbed even by the sight of dreams, death will be an unspeakable gain. For if a person were to select the night in (…)
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Plotino - Tratado 32,13 (V, 5, 13) — A transcendência absoluta do Bem
14 de junho de 2022, por Cardoso de Castro
Míguez
13. Conviene, pues, que sea el Bien mismo, y no un ser bueno, ya que no posee nada en sí mismo, ni siquiera el Bien. Porque lo que pudiera poseer tendría que ser bueno o no serlo; pero lo que no es bueno ya no podría encontrarse en el Bien más alto y primero, lo mismo que el Bien no podría poseer nada que no sea bueno. Por tanto, si no posee lo bueno ni lo que no lo es, no posee nada; y si no posee nada, se encuentra realmente solo y aislado de las otras cosas. De lo que resulta (…)
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Jowett: absolute beautiful
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : Well, that shall be done, God willing, Hippias. Now, however, give me a brief answer to a question about your discourse, for you reminded me of the beautiful just at the right moment. For recently, my most excellent friend, as I was finding fault with some things in certain speeches as ugly and praising other things as beautiful, a man threw me into confusion by questioning me very insolently somewhat after this fashion : "How, if you please, do you know, Socrates," said he, (…)
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Jowett: incomplete
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Now, when all of them, both those who visibly appear in their revolutions as well as those other gods who are of a more retiring nature, had come into being, the creator of the universe addressed them in these words : "Gods, children of gods, who are my works, and of whom I am the artificer and father, my creations are indissoluble, if so I will. All that is bound may be undone, but only an evil being would wish to undo that which is harmonious and happy. Wherefore, since ye are but (…)
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Jowett: absolute beauty
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : I will tell you, imitating him in the same way as a while ago, that I may not use to you such harsh and uncouth words as he uses to me. For you may be sure, "Tell me, Socrates," he will say, "do you think it would be unjust if you got a beating for singing such a long dithyramb so unmusically and so far from the question ?" "How so ?" I shall say. "How so ?" he will say ; "are you not able to remember that I asked for the absolute beautiful, [292d] by which everything to which it (…)
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Jowett: demonstration
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Nay, my good friend, said Socrates, let us not boast, lest some evil eye should put to flight the word which I am about to speak. That, however, may be left in the hands of those above, while I draw near in Homeric fashion, and try the mettle of your words. Briefly, the sum of your objection is as follows : You want to have proven to you that the soul is imperishable and immortal, and you think that the philosopher who is confident in death has but a vain and foolish confidence, if he thinks (…)
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Jowett: absolute truth
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And what knowledge ought we to acquire ? May we not answer with absolute truth — A knowledge which will do us good ? EUTHYDEMUS
And will not knowledge — I mean absolute knowledge — answer to absolute truth ? PARMENIDES
Str. That we shall some day require this notion of a mean with a view to the demonstration of absolute truth ; meanwhile, the argument that the very existence of the arts must be held to depend on the possibility of measuring more or less, not only with one another, but (…)
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Jowett: demons
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Her. Must not demons and heroes and men come next ? CRATYLUS
They are holy demons upon the earth, CRATYLUS
Soc. And therefore I have the most entire conviction that he called them demons, because they were daemones (knowing or wise), and in our older Attic dialect the word itself occurs. Now he and other poets say truly, that when a good man dies he has honour and a mighty portion among the dead, and becomes a demon ; which is a name given to him signifying wisdom. And I say too, that (…)