Of the Ten Aristotelian and Four Stoic Categories.
HISTORICAL REVIEW OF CATEGORIES.
1. Very ancient philosophers have investigated the number and kinds of essences. Some said there was but one; others, that there was a limited number of them; others still, an infinite number. Besides, those who recognized but a single (essence) have advanced opinions very different, as is also the case with those who recognized a limited or unlimited number of essences. As the opinions of these (…)
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Guthrie / Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie
Matérias
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Guthrie-Plotinus: Ennead VI,1
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro -
Guthrie-Plotinus: circle
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroThe subject that perceives a sense-object must itself be single, and grasp this object in its totality, by one and the same power. This happens when by several organs we perceive several qualities of a single object, or when, by a single organ, we embrace a single complex object in its totality, as, for instance, a face. It is not one principle that sees the face, and another one that sees the eyes; it is the “same principle” which embraces everything at once. Doubtless we do receive a (…)
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Guthrie-Plotinus: Ennead VI,2
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroThe Categories of Plotinos.
1. After having discussed the doctrine of the ten categories (of Aristotle), and spoken of the (Stoics) who reduce all things to a single genus, and then distribute them in four species, we must still set forth our own opinion on the subject, striving however to conform ourselves to the doctrine of Plato.
PLOTINOS IS FORCED TO DEMONSTRATION OF HIS DIVERGENCE FROM PLATO.
If it were our opinion that essence was one, we would not need to study whether there was (…) -
Guthrie-Plotinus: plurality
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroConsider now the human soul which undergoes numberless ills while in the body, eking out a miserable existence, a prey to griefs, desires, fears, sufferings of all kinds, for whom the body is a tomb, and the sense-world a “cave” or “grotto.” This difference of opinions about the condition of the universal Soul and the human soul is not contradictory, because these two souls do not have the same reasons for descent into a body. To begin with, the location of thought, that we call the (…)
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Guthrie-Plotinus: Ennead VI,3
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroPlotino’s Own Sense-Categories.
GENERA OF THE PHYSICAL ARE DIFFERENT FROM THOSE OF THE INTELLIGIBLE.
1. We have thus declared our views about (intelligible) Being, and shown how they agree with the doctrines of Plato. Now we have to study the “other nature” (the Being of the sense-world); and we shall have to consider whether it be proper to establish here the same genera as for the intelligible world, or to posit a greater number, by adding some to those already recognized; or whether (…) -
Guthrie-Plotinus: passive
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroTo this we answer that our astrologer attributes indirectly to the stars all our characteristics: will, passions, vices and appetites; he allows us no r?le other than to turn like mills, instead of responsibility, as befits men, producing actions that suit our nature. On the contrary, we should be left in possession of what belongs to us by the observation that the universe limits itself to exercising some influence on what we possess already thanks to ourselves, and which is really (…)
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Guthrie-Plotinus: Ennead VI,4
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroThe One Identical Essence is Everywhere Entirely Present.
WHY THE WORLD-SOUL IS EVERYWHERE ENTIRE IN THE WORLD-BODY.
1. Is it because the body of the universe is so great that the Soul is everywhere present in the universe, though being naturally divisible in (human) bodies? Or it is by herself, that she is everywhere present? In the latter case, she has not been drawn away everywhere by the body, but the body found her everywhere in existence before it; thus, in whatever place it may (…) -
Guthrie-Plotinus: notions
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroAre the notions of virtue, and other intelligible entities by the soul thought eternal, or does virtue arise and perish? If so, by what being, and how will it be formed? It is the same problem that remains to be solved. Intelligible entities must therefore be eternal and immutable, like geometrical notions, and consequently cannot be corporeal. Further, the subject in whom they exist must be of a nature similar to theirs, and therefore not be corporeal; for the nature of body is not to (…)
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Guthrie-Plotinus: Ennead VI,5
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroThe One Identical Essence is Everywhere Entirely Present.
UNITY MUST BE SOUGHT FOR IN ESSENCE.
1. It is a common conception of human thought that a principle single in number and identical is everywhere present in its entirety; for it is an instinctive and universal truism that the divinity which dwells within each of us is single and identical in all. It cannot be expected that the men who will use this expression should be able to explain how God is present in us, and without (…) -
Guthrie-Plotinus: intermediary
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroAll that is moved must have a direction towards which it is moved; we must therefore conclude that that which has no direction towards which it is moved must be at a stand-still, and that anything born of this principle must be born without causing this principle to cease being turned towards itself. We must, however, remove from our mind the idea of a generation operated within time, for we are here treating of eternal things. When we apply to them the conception of generation, we mean only (…)
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Guthrie-Plotinus: Ennead VI,6
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroOf Numbers.
MANIFOLDNESS IS DISTANCE FROM UNITY, AND EVIL.
1. Does manifoldness consist in distance from unity? Is infinity this distance carried to the extreme, because it is an innumerable manifoldness? Is then infinity an evil, and are we ourselves evil when we are manifold? (That is probable); or every being becomes manifold when, not being able to remain turned towards itself, it blossoms out; it extends while dividing; and thus losing all unity in its expansion, it becomes (…) -
Guthrie-Plotinus: immutable
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroWhat is the cause that certain bodies seem beautiful, that our ears listen with pleasure to rhythms judged beautiful, and that we love the purely moral beauties? Does the beauty of all these objects derive from some unique, immutable principle, or will we recognize some one principle of beauty for the body, and some other for something else? What then are these principles, if there are several? Or which is this principle, if there is but one? [Ennead I,6 (1) 1]
Are the notions of virtue, (…) -
Guthrie-Plotinus: Ennead VI,7
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroHow Ideas Multiplied, and the Good.
A. HOW IDEAS MULTIPLY.
THE EYES WERE IMPLANTED IN MAN BY DIVINE FORESIGHT.
1. When the (higher) Divinity, or (some lower) divinity, sent souls down into generation, He gave to the face of man eyes suitable to enlighten him, and placed in the body the other organs suited to the senses, foreseeing that (a living organism) would be able to preserve itself only on condition of seeing, hearing and touching contiguous objects, to enable it to select some, (…) -
Guthrie-Plotinus: feeling
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroThe same reflections may be made about pain, and one’s feeling of it. When a man’s finger is said to give him pain, this, no doubt, is a recognition that the seat of the pain is in the finger, and that the feeling of pain is experienced by the directing principle. Consequently, when a part of the spirit suffers, this suffering is felt by the directing principle, and shared by the whole soul. How can this sympathy be explained? By relay transmission, (the Stoic) will answer; the (…)
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Guthrie-Plotinus: Ennead VI,8
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroOf the Will of the One.
A. OF HUMAN FREE WILL.
DOES FREE WILL BELONG TO GOD ONLY, OR TO OTHERS ONLY?
1. Do the divinities themselves possess free will, or is this limited to human beings, because of their many weaknesses and uncertainties? (For we assume that) the divinities possess omnipotence, so that it would seem likely that their actions were free and absolutely without petty restrictions. Or must we hold that the (supreme) One alone possesses omnipotence, and unhampered free (…) -
Guthrie-Plotinus: appetite
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroThe sense-soul, which preserves the forms of sense-objects previously perceived, must preserve them without the body. Otherwise, these forms would inhere in the body like figures and corporeal shapes. Now, if the forms inhered in the sense-soul in this manner, they could not be received therein otherwise (than as corporeal impressions). That is why, if we do grant the existence of an entelechy, it must be inseparable from the body. Even the faculty of appetite, not indeed that which makes us (…)
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Guthrie-Plotinus: Ennead VI,9
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroOf the Good and the One.
UNITY NECESSARY TO EXISTENCE OF ALL BEINGS.
1. All beings, both primary, as well as those who are so called on any pretext soever, are beings only because of their unity. What, indeed would they be without it? Deprived of their unity, they would cease to be what they are said to be. No army can exist unless it be one. So with a choric ballet or a flock. Neither a house nor a ship can exist without unity; by losing it they would cease to be what they are. So also (…) -
Guthrie-Plotinus: sensations
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroThe subject that perceives a sense-object must itself be single, and grasp this object in its totality, by one and the same power. This happens when by several organs we perceive several qualities of a single object, or when, by a single organ, we embrace a single complex object in its totality, as, for instance, a face. It is not one principle that sees the face, and another one that sees the eyes; it is the “same principle” which embraces everything at once. Doubtless we do receive a (…)
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Guthrie-Plotinus: manifold
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de CastroThe soul appreciates beauty by an especially ordered faculty, whose sole function it is to appreciate all that concerns beauty, even when the other faculties take part in this judgment. Often the soul makes her (aesthetic) decisions by comparison with the form of the beautiful which is within her, using this form as a standard by which to judge. But what agreement can anything corporeal have with what is incorporeal? For example, how can an architect judge a building placed before him as (…)
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Guthrie-Plotinus: potential
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro(11). (If, as Stoics claim, man first was a certain nature called habit, then a soul, and last an intelligence, the perfect would have arisen from the imperfect, which is impossible). To say that the first nature of the soul is to be a spirit, and that this spirit became soul only after having been exposed to cold, and as it were became soaked by its contact, because the cold subtilized it; this is an absurd hypothesis. Many animals are born in warm places, and do not have their soul exposed (…)