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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: sensible man
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : Demodocus, your zeal is no wonder to me, if you suppose that I especially could be of use to him ; for I know of nothing for which a sensible man could be more zealous than for his own son’s utmost improvement. But how you came to form this opinion, that I would be better able to be of use to your son in his aim of becoming a good citizen than you would yourself, and how he came to suppose that I rather than yourself would be of use to him — this does fill me with wonder. For you, (…)
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Jowett: war
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : Well, take the orators, for example : they either know, or think they know, how to advise us on various occasions — some about war and peace, and others about building walls or fitting up harbors ; [145a] and in a word, whatever the city does to another city or within herself, all comes about by the advice of the orators. ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : Nor, I conceive, a man who knows what war is in itself, without knowing when or for how long a time it is better to make war ? (…)
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Jowett: nature of man
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Aristophanes professed to open another vein of discourse ; he had a mind to praise Love in another way, unlike that either of Pausanias or Eryximachus. Mankind ; he said, judging by their neglect of him, have never, as I think, at all understood the power of Love. For if they had understood him they would surely have built noble temples and altars, and offered solemn sacrifices in his honour ; but this is not done, and most certainly ought to be done : since of all the gods he is the best (…)
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Jowett: wantonness
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
You are a liar, Meletus, not believed even by yourself. For I cannot help thinking, O men of Athens, that Meletus is reckless and impudent, and that he has written this indictment in a spirit of mere wantonness and youthful bravado. Has he not compounded a riddle, thinking to try me ? He said to himself : — I shall see whether this wise Socrates will discover my ingenious contradiction, or whether I shall be able to deceive him and the rest of them. For he certainly does appear to me to (…)
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Jowett: man and woman
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Men. I should say that health is the same, both in man and woman. MENO
At last, after a good deal of reflection, Zeus discovered a way. He said : "Methinks I have a plan which will humble their pride and improve their manners ; men shall continue to exist, but I will cut them in two and then they will be diminished in strength and increased in numbers ; this will have the advantage of making them more profitable to us. They shall walk upright on two legs, and if they continue insolent and (…)
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Jowett: wanton
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
The course of the seasons is also full of both these principles ; and when, as I was saying, the elements of hot and cold, moist and dry, attain the harmonious love of one another and blend in temperance and harmony, they bring to men, animals, and plants health and plenty, and do them no harm ; whereas the wanton love, getting the upper hand and affecting the seasons of the year, is very destructive and injurious, being the source of pestilence, and bringing many other kinds of diseases on (…)
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Jowett: creation of man
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Crit. Let me proceed to explain to you, Socrates, the order in which we have arranged our entertainment. Our intention is, that Timaeus, who is the most of an astronomer amongst us, and has made the nature of the universe his special study, should speak first, beginning with the generation of the world and going down to the creation of man ; next, I am to receive the men whom he has created of whom some will have profited by the excellent education which you have given them ; and then, in (…)
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Jowett: waking
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Against these arguments and others of a like kind, exceedingly numerous and couched in exceedingly noble language, showing that virtue can be taught and that a man should care above all else for himself, I have hardly uttered a word up till now, nor do I suppose that I ever shall utter a word against them [408c] in the future, for I regard them as most valuable admonitions and most useful, literally capable of waking us up, as it were, out of our slumber. So I gave my attention with a view (…)
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Jowett: man of sense
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
An art which converts a man of sense into a fool, GORGIAS
Soc. Nay, not to a man of sense, as the argument shows : do you think that all our cares should be directed to prolonging life to the uttermost, and to the study of those arts which secure us from danger always ; like that art of rhetoric which saves men in courts of law, and which you advise me to cultivate ? GORGIAS
Soc. Nor can we reasonably say, Cratylus, that there is knowledge at all, if everything is in a state of (…)
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Jowett: vulgarity
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Wherefore let us suppose this "high argument" of ours to address us in the following terms : — Best of men, cease not to honour according to nature similarity and equality and sameness and agreement, as regards number and every good and noble quality. And, above all, observe the aforesaid number 5040 throughout life ; in the second place, do not disparage the small and modest proportions of the inheritances which you received in the distribution, by buying and selling them to one another. (…)
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Jowett: perfect man
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : That’s what it is, Hippias, to be a truly wise and perfect man ! For you are both in your private capacity able to earn much money from the young [281c] and to confer upon them still greater benefits than you receive, and in public affairs you are able to benefit your own state, as a man must who is to be not despised but held in high repute among the many. And yet, Hippias, what in the world is the reason why those men of old whose names are called great in respect to wisdom — (…)
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Jowett: violence
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. "And was that our agreement with you ?" the law would say ; "or were you to abide by the sentence of the State ?" And if I were to express astonishment at their saying this, the law would probably add : "Answer, Socrates, instead of opening your eyes : you are in the habit of asking and answering questions. Tell us what complaint you have to make against us which justifies you in attempting to destroy us and the State ? In the first place did we not bring you into existence ? Your (…)
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Jowett: good man
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : I will tell you, in order that you may not share the impiety of the multitude : for there cannot conceivably be anything more impious or more to be guarded against than being mistaken in word and deed with regard to the gods, and after them, with regard to divine men ; you must take very great precaution, whenever you are about to [319a] blame or praise a man, so as not to speak incorrectly. For this reason you must learn to distinguish honest and dishonest men : for God feels (…)
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Jowett: violation
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
But of beauty, I repeat again that we saw her there shining in company with the celestial forms ; and coming to earth we find her here too, shining in clearness through the clearest aperture of sense. For sight is the most piercing of our bodily senses ; though not by that is wisdom seen ; her loveliness would have been transporting if there had been a visible image of her, and the other ideas, if they had visible counterparts, would be equally lovely. But this is the privilege of beauty, (…)
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Jowett: evil man
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And will not the temperate man do what is proper, both in relation to the gods and to men ; — for he would not be temperate if he did not ? Certainly he will do what is proper. In his relation to other men he will do what is just ; See and in his relation to the gods he will do what is holy ; and he who does what is just and holy must be just and holy ? Very true. And must he not be courageous ? for the duty of a temperate man is not to follow or to avoid what he ought not, but what he (…)
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Jowett: vicious
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
[407b] "Whither haste ye, O men ? Yea, verily ye know not that ye are doing none of the things ye ought, seeing that ye spend your whole energy on wealth and the acquiring of it ; while as to your sons to whom ye will bequeath it, ye neglect to ensure that they shall understand how to use it justly, and ye find for them no teachers of justice, if so be that it is teachable — or if it be a matter of training and practice, instructors who can efficiently practice and train them — nor have ye (…)
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Jowett: man or woman
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
There yet remains one difficulty which has been raised by you about the sons of good men. What is the reason why good men teach their sons the knowledge which is gained from teachers, and make them wise in that, but do nothing towards improving them in the virtues which distinguish themselves ? And here, Socrates, I will leave the apologue and resume the argument. Please to consider : Is there or is there not some one quality of which all the citizens must be partakers, if there is to be a (…)
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Jowett: vices
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And as for the Muse of Tragedy, that solemn and august personage — what are her aspirations ? Is all her aim and desire only to give pleasure to the spectators, or does she fight against them and refuse to speak of their pleasant vices, and willingly proclaim in word and song truths welcome and unwelcome ? — which in your judgment is her character ? GORGIAS
Str. I mean that we speak of man, for example, under many names — that we attribute to him colours and forms and magnitudes and (…)
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Jowett: state of man
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
At last, after a good deal of reflection, Zeus discovered a way. He said : "Methinks I have a plan which will humble their pride and improve their manners ; men shall continue to exist, but I will cut them in two and then they will be diminished in strength and increased in numbers ; this will have the advantage of making them more profitable to us. They shall walk upright on two legs, and if they continue insolent and will not be quiet, I will split them again and they shall hop about on a (…)
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Jowett: vice
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : So vice is a thing that becomes a slave. ALCIBIADES I
Soc. And what from vice and injustice ? If you are not able to answer at once, ask yourself whither we go with the sick, and to whom we take them. GORGIAS
Soc. And was not punishment said by us to be a deliverance from the greatest of evils, which is vice ? GORGIAS
Soc. And justice punishes us, and makes us more just, and is the medicine of our vice ? GORGIAS
Pol. True. Soc. He, then, has the first place in the scale of (…)