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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: conversation of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Str. Are not thought and speech the same, with this exception, that what is called thought is the unuttered conversation of the soul with herself ? SOPHIST
Str. And seeing that language is true and false, and that thought is the conversation of the soul with herself, and opinion is the end of thinking, and imagination or phantasy is the union of sense and opinion, the inference is that some of them, since they are akin to language, should have an element of falsehood as well as of truth ? (…)
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Jowett: participation
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Participation, definition of, Soph. 248 C ; participation and predication, ib. 252. Soc. Then all men are good in the same way, and by participation in the same virtues ? MENO
He proceeded : I know nothing and can understand nothing of any other of those wise causes which are alleged ; and if a person says to me that the bloom of color, or form, or anything else of that sort is a source of beauty, I leave all that, which is only confusing to me, and simply and singly, and perhaps (…)
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Jowett: element of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Str. First of all, she takes the eternal element of the soul and binds it with a divine cord, to which it is akin, and then the animal nature, and binds that with human cords. STATESMAN
And must not the like happen with the spirited or passionate element of the soul ? Will not the passionate man who carries his passion into action, be in the like case, whether he is envious and ambitious, or violent and contentious, or angry and discontented, if he be seeking to attain honor and victory and (…)
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Jowett: prayer
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Prayer, offered to the Gods at the beginning of every enterprise, Tim. 27; may be misdirected, Laws 3. 687; 7. 801 B; of the fool, dangerous, ib. 3. 688; the nature of prayer, 2 Alcib. 138 et passim (cp. Eryx. 398);—prayer of Timaeus, Crit. 106:—prayers, phraseology of, Crat. 400 E ; at sacrifice, Laws 7. 801 A:— ’ Prayers’ (Iliad ix), Crat 438 C ; Hipp. Min. 364 E. [138a] Socrates : Alcibiades, are you on your way to offer a prayer to the god ? ALCIBIADES II
Alcibiades : But you have (…)
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Jowett: courageous soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Str. The courageous soul when attaining this truth becomes civilized, and rendered more capable of partaking of justice ; but when not partaking, is inclined to brutality. Is not that true ? STATESMAN
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Jowett: prayers
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
prayer
Socrates : The greatest of questions, Alcibiades, [138b] as I believe. For tell me, in Heaven’s name, do you not think that the gods sometimes grant in part, but in part refuse, what we ask of them in our private and public prayers, and gratify some people, but not others ? ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : So you see it is not safe either to accept casually what one is given, or to pray for one’s own advancement, if one is going to be injured in consequence, or deprived of one’s life (…)
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Jowett: soul and intelligence
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Tim. Let me tell you then why the creator made this world of generation. He was good, and the good can never have any jealousy of anything. And being free from jealousy, he desired that all things should be as like himself as they could be. This is in the truest sense the origin of creation and of the world, as we shall do well in believing on the testimony of wise men : God desired that all things should be good and nothing bad, so far as this was attainable. Wherefore also finding the (…)
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Jowett: praying
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
prayer
Socrates : Then you would agree that one should take great precautions against falling unawares into the error of praying for great evils in the belief that they are good, while the gods happen to be disposed to grant freely what one is praying for ? Just as Oedipus, [138c] they say, suddenly prayed that his sons might divide their patrimony with the sword : it was open to him to pray that his present evils might by some means be averted, but he invoked others in addition to those (…)
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Jowett: soul is invisible
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Now when the Creator had framed the soul according to his will, he formed within her the corporeal universe, and brought the two together, and united them centre to centre. The soul, interfused everywhere from the centre to the circumference of heaven, of which also she is the external envelopment, herself turning in herself, began a divine beginning of never ceasing and rational life enduring throughout all time. The body of heaven is visible, but the soul is invisible, and partakes of (…)
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Jowett: divinity
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. I perceive, Ion ; and I will proceed to explain to you what I imagine to be the reason of this. The gift which you possess of speaking excellently about Homer is not an art, but, as I was just saying, an inspiration ; there is a divinity moving you, like that contained in the stone which Euripides calls a magnet, but which is commonly known as the stone of Heraclea. This stone not only attracts iron rings, but also imparts to them a similar power of attracting other rings ; and (…)
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Jowett: soul of the universe
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Thus he spake, and once more into the cup in which he had previously mingled the soul of the universe he poured the remains of the elements, and mingled them in much the same manner ; they were not, however, pure as before, but diluted to the second and third degree. And having made it he divided the whole mixture into souls equal in number to the stars, and assigned each soul to a star ; and having there placed them as in a chariot, he showed them the nature of the universe, and declared to (…)
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Jowett: division
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
At last, after a good deal of reflection, Zeus discovered a way. He said : "Methinks I have a plan which will humble their pride and improve their manners ; men shall continue to exist, but I will cut them in two and then they will be diminished in strength and increased in numbers ; this will have the advantage of making them more profitable to us. They shall walk upright on two legs, and if they continue insolent and will not be quiet, I will split them again and they shall hop about on a (…)
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Jowett: revolutions of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
When the creator had made all these ordinances he remained in his own accustomed nature, and his children heard and were obedient to their father’s word, and receiving from him the immortal principle of a mortal creature, in imitation of their own creator they borrowed portions of fire, and earth, and water, and air from the world, which were hereafter to be restored — these they took and welded them together, not with the indissoluble chains by which they were themselves bound, but with (…)
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Jowett: divisions
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And now I will endeavour to explain to you more clearly what I mean : The soul and body being two, have two arts corresponding to them : there is the art of politics attending on the soul ; and another art attending on the body, of which I know no single name, but which may be described as having two divisions, one of them gymnastic, and the other medicine. And in politics there is a legislative part, which answers to gymnastic, as justice does to medicine ; and the two parts run into (…)
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Jowett: vessel of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
When the creator had made all these ordinances he remained in his own accustomed nature, and his children heard and were obedient to their father’s word, and receiving from him the immortal principle of a mortal creature, in imitation of their own creator they borrowed portions of fire, and earth, and water, and air from the world, which were hereafter to be restored — these they took and welded them together, not with the indissoluble chains by which they were themselves bound, but with (…)
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Jowett: dialectic
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. But I would much rather ask you, if you are disposed to answer : for I see, from the few words which Polus has uttered, that he has attended more to the art which is called rhetoric than to dialectic. GORGIAS
Soc. I am charmed with his doctrine, that what appears is to each one, but I wonder that he did not begin his book on Truth with a declaration that a pig or a dog-faced baboon, or some other yet stranger monster which has sensation, is the measure of all things ; then he might (…)
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Jowett: courses of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
When the creator had made all these ordinances he remained in his own accustomed nature, and his children heard and were obedient to their father’s word, and receiving from him the immortal principle of a mortal creature, in imitation of their own creator they borrowed portions of fire, and earth, and water, and air from the world, which were hereafter to be restored — these they took and welded them together, not with the indissoluble chains by which they were themselves bound, but with (…)
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Jowett: dialectical
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. That is a graver matter, and there, my friend, the modern interpreters of Homer may, I think, assist in explaining the view of the ancients. For most of these in their explanations of the poet, assert that he meant by Athene "mind" (nous) and "intelligence" (dianoia), and the maker of names appears to have had a singular notion about her ; and indeed calls her by a still higher title, "divine intelligence" (Thou noesis), as though he would say : This is she who has the mind of God (…)
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Jowett: providence of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And so in the vessel of the head, they first of all put a face in which they inserted organs to minister in all things to the providence of the soul, and they appointed this part, which has authority, to be by nature the part which is in front. And of the organs they first contrived the eyes to give light, and the principle according to which they were inserted was as follows : So much of fire as would not burn, but gave a gentle light, they formed into a substance akin to the light of (…)
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Jowett: dialectician
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
To be sure they do, said Ctesippus ; and they speak coldly of the insipid and cold dialectician. EUTHYDEMUS
Why, he said, no art of hunting extends beyond hunting and capturing ; and when the prey is taken the huntsman or fisherman cannot use it ; but they hand it over to the cook, and the geometricians and astronomers and calculators (who all belong to the hunting class, for they do not make their diagrams, but only find out that which was previously contained in them) — they, I say, not (…)