Página inicial > Antiguidade > Neoplatonismo (245-529 dC) > Plotino (séc. III) > Enéada VI > Plotino - Tratado 22,9 (VI, 4, 9) — O inteligível não vem ele mesmo no sensível

Plotino - Tratado 22,9 (VI, 4, 9) — O inteligível não vem ele mesmo no sensível

terça-feira 29 de março de 2022, por Cardoso de Castro

  

Igal

9. Si la parte del ser engendrada en cada caso fuese realmente un todo, cada ser semejaría al primero. Pero como siempre se darían cortes entre los seres, habría en realidad muchos seres primeros e incluso cada uno de ellos sería el primero. Mas, ¿qué separación podrían ofrecer estos múltiples seres primeros? ¿No constituirían todos ellos un solo ser? No tratamos aquí de sus cuerpos, porque no cabe considerar formas de cuerpos dado que todos esos seres son semejantes a aquel ser primero del que provienen. Si dijésemos que las partes de las cosas múltiples son las potencias del ser primero, ya desde luego cada ser no sería un todo [1]. Entonces, preguntaríamos, ¿cómo aparecen estas potencias en la multiplicidad, separadas y alejadas del ser primero? Porque si le dejaron, es claro que le dejaron por algo. Pero, ¿es que ías potencias de las cosas múltiples, asentadas ya en lo sensible, permanecen todavía en aquel ser o no se encuentran en él? De ocurrir esto último se haría patente algo verdaderamente absurdo: y es que el ser primero quedaría disminuido e impotente, privado como está de las potencias que anteriormente poseía. Mas, otra cuestión se plantea aquí: ¿cómo podrían existir separadas estas mismas potencias, una vez desvinculadas de sus propios seres? Sí se dan en el ser y en otra parte, están aquí por entero o bien sólo se presentan en parte. Si contamos en los seres sólo con partes, en el ser de que hablamos se darán naturalmente las partes restantes. Por el contrario, si se dan por entero, tanto aquí como allá se presentarán como indivisibles. Ocurrirá, pues, que el mismo ser puede encontrarse en todas partes sin dividir, o que las potencias constituyen esa totalidad multiplicada. Y entonces, como las potencias son semejantes unas a otras, con cada ser se dará una sola potencia, unida ciertamente a ese ser; las otras potencias serán sólo potencias (sin ser).

Por tanto, así como no es posible una potencia sin sustancia, tampoco lo es una sustancia sin potencia. En cuanto al mundo inteligible, la potencia es un sujeto, una sustancia y aun algo más que una sustancia. Si las demás potencias son distintas unas de otras, porque se debilitan o se oscurecen al salir del ser primero al modo como una luz más oscura proviene de otra más brillante, y si se dan sustancias unidas a estas potencias, precisamente para que éstas no queden privadas de sustancia, será necesario en primer lugar y dado que todas estas potencias son de la misma especie, el que una sola potencia permanezca en todas partes o, en otro caso, que por todas partes se presente a la vez entera e indivisible, cual ocurre con el alma, presente en un solo y mismo cuerpo; pero, si así es, ¿por qué no también en el universo? Ahora bien, si se la divide hasta el infinito, es claro que ya no se da toda entera, sino que se hace imposible por esta misma división. Por tanto, de existir una potencia para cada parte, no puede darse una percepción simultánea para el resto; y entonces, al igual que acontece con la imagen de un ser y con una luz que se debilita, pierde su mismo ser al quedar desvinculada de aquel del que proviene. En general, toda cosa que recibe su sustancia de otra no podría existir separada de ésta, ya que es como su imagen; y otro tanto ocurre con las potencias, provenientes del ser universal, que no podrían ser separadas de él. Si ello es así, ese ser universal se dará a la vez con ellas, de manera que, nuevamente, estará presente todo entero e indivisible.

Bouillet

IX. Si cette unité [de l’Ame universelle] se divisait en une multitude de parties telles que chacune ressemblât à l’unité totale, il y aurait une multitude d’êtres premiers: car chacun de ces êtres serait premier. Comment distinguerait-on alors les uns des autres tous ces êtres premiers, pour qu’ils ne se confondissent pas tous en un seul ? Ils ne seraient point séparés par leurs corps : car des êtres premiers ne sauraient être les formes des corps, puisqu’ils seraient semblables à l’Être premier qui est leur principe. D’un autre côté, si les choses qu’on nomme des parties étaient des puissances de l’Être universel, d’abord chaque chose ne serait plus l’unité totale; ensuite, il y aurait lieu de se demander comment ces puissances se sont séparées de l’Être universel et l’ont abandonné (42) : car si elles l’ont abandonné, c’est évidemment en allant quelque part (43) — Il y aurait lieu de se demander également si les puissances qui sont dans le monde sensible sont encore ou non dans l’Être universel. 323 Si elles ne sont plus en lui, il est absurde de le supposer diminué et devenu impuissant, privé qu’il serait des puissances qu’il possédait auparavant. Il est également absurde de supposer les puissances séparées des essences auxquelles elles appartiennent. Au contraire, si les puissances sont à la fois dans l’Être universel et ailleurs, elles seront ici-bas des touts ou des parties : sont-elles des parties, ce qui demeurera d’elles là-haut formera aussi des parties; sont-elles des touts, elles sont alors ici-bas les mêmes que là-haut; elles ne sont divisées ici-bas en aucune façon, et de cette manière, l’Être universel est encore partout le même sans aucune division. — Ou bien encore les puissances sont l’Être universel particularisé et devenu la multitude des choses dont chacune est l’unité totale, et ces puissances sont semblables entre elles : de cette manière, il n’y aura avec chaque essence qu’une puissance unique, unie à l’essence, et les autres choses ne seront que de simples puissances. Mais il n’est pas plus facile de concevoir une essence sans puissance qu’une puissance sans essence : car là-haut [dans les idées] la puissance est substance et essence, ou plutôt elle est quelque chose de supérieur à l’essence. Il y a ici-bas d’autres puissances, moins énergiques et moins vives : elles émanent de l’Être universel comme d’une lumière brillante en émane une autre qui a moins d’éclat; mais des essences sont inhérentes à ces puissances, parce qu’il ne saurait y avoir de puissance sans essence.

Dans de telles puissances, qui sont nécessairement conformes entre elles, l’Ame universelle doit être la même partout, ou, si elle n’est pas partout absolument, elle doit du moins être de toutes parts (44) tout entière sans division, comme 324 dans un seul et même corps. Dans ce cas, pourquoi ne serait-elle pas aussi dans tout l’univers? Si l’on suppose que chaque âme particulière est divisée à l’infini, l’Ame universelle ne sera plus tout entière, et, par suite de cette division, elle tombera dans une impuissance complète. Ensuite, comme il y aura des puissances tout à fait diverses dans les diverses parties du monde, il n’y aura plus de sympathie entre les âmes. Enfin l’image, séparée de l’être qu’elle représente, et la lumière, séparée du foyer dont elle est une émanation affaiblie, ne sauraient plus subsister : car en général, toute chose qui tient d’autrui son existence et en est l’image ne saurait subsister sans son modèle ; de même, ces puissances qui rayonnent de l’Ame universelle cesseraient d’être si elles se trouvaient séparées de leur principe. S’il en est ainsi, le principe qui engendre ces puissances sera partout où elles seront ; par conséquent, il doit encore à ce point de vue être partout présent tout entier sans subir aucune division.

Guthrie

POTENTIALITIES ARE INSEPARABLE FROM THEIR BEINGS.

9. If this unity (of the universal Soul) divided itself in a multitude of parts such that each would resemble the total unity, there would be a multitude of primary (beings); for each one of these (beings) would be primary. How then could one distinguish from each other all these primary (beings), so that they might not all in confusion blend into a single one ? They would not’ be separated by their bodies, for primary (beings) could not be forms of bodies; as they would be similar to the primary (Being) which is their principle. On the other hand, if the things named parts were potentialities of the universal (Being), (there would be two results). First, each thing would no longer be the total unity. Then, one might wonder how these potentialities separated from the universal (Being), and abandoned it; for if they abandoned it, it could evidently only be to go somewhere else. There might also be reason to ask oneself if the potentialities which are in the sense-world are still or no longer in the universal (Being). If they be no longer in it, it is absurd to suppose it diminished or became impotent, by being deprived of the powers it possessed before. It is equally absurd to suppose that the potentialities would be separated from the beings to which they belong. On the contrary, if the potentialities exist simultaneously in the universal (Being) and elsewhere, they will, here below, be either wholes or parts; if they be parts, that part of them that will remain on high will also form parts; if they be wholes, they are here below the same as above; they are not divided here below in any way, and thus the universal (Being) is still the same without any division. Or again, the potentialities are the particularized universal (Being), which has become the multitude of the things of which each is the total unity; and these potentialities are mutually similar. In this way, with each being there will be but a single potentiality, united to Being, and the other things will be no more than mere potentialities. But it is not easier to conceive of a being without potentiality, than a potentiality without a being; for above (among the ideas) the potentiality consists of hypostatic existence and being; or rather, it is something greater than being. Here below there are other potentialities, less energetic or lively; they emanate from the universal (Being) as from a brilliant light would emanate another less brilliant light; but the beings inhere in these potentialities, as there could be no potentiality without being.

THE UNIVERSAL SOUL IS EVERYWHERE ENTIRE, INCLUDING SOULS SPLIT INFINITELY.

Among such potentialities, which are necessarily conformable to each other, the universal Soul must be the same everywhere, or, if she be not absolutely everywhere, she must, at least, in every place, be entire without division, as in one and the same body. In this case, why could she not also be thus in the whole universe? If we were to suppose that each particular soul were divided into infinity, the universal Soul will no longer be entire, and, as a result of this division, she will become completely impotent. Then, as there will be entirely different powers in different parts of the world, there will be no more sympathy among souls. Last, the image, separated from the essence it represents, and the light, separated from the source of which it is only a weakened emanation, could no longer subsist ; for in general everything that derives its existence from anything else and its image could no longer subsist without its model. Likewise, these powers which radiate from the universal Soul would cease to be if they found themselves separated from their principle. If so, the Principle which begets these powers will exist everywhere they are; consequently, from this standpoint also, the universal (Being) must be everywhere present as a whole, without undergoing any divisions.

MacKenna

9. If in such a partition of the unity, that which entered into each participant were an entire - always identical with the first - then, in the progressive severance, the firsts would become numerous, each particular becoming a first: and then what prevents these many firsts from reconstituting the collective unity? Certainly not the bodies they have entered, for those firsts cannot be present in the material masses as their Forms if they are to remain identical with the First from which they come. On the other hand, taking the part conceived as present in the multiple to be simply a power [emanating from the First], at once such a part ceases to be the unity; we have then to ask how these powers come to be cut off, to have abandoned their origin; they certainly have not moved away with no purpose in their movement.

Again, are those powers, entering the universe of sense, still within the First or not?

If they are not, we have the absurdity that the First has been lessened, disempowered, stripped of power originally possessed. Besides, how could powers thus cut off subsist apart from the foundations of their being? Suppose these powers to be at once within the First and elsewhere; then the universe of sense contains either the entire powers or parts of them; if parts of powers, the other parts are There; if entires, then either the powers There are present here also undivided - and this brings us back to an identity omnipresent in integral identity - or they are each an entire which has taken division into a multiplicity of similars so that attached to every essence there is one power only - that particularly appropriated to it - the other powers remaining powers unattached: yet power apart from Being is as impossible as Being apart from power; for There power is Being or something greater than Being.

Or, again, suppose the powers coming Thence are other than their source - lesser, fainter, as a bright light dwindles to a dim - but each attached to its essence as a power must always be: such secondary powers would be perfectly uniform and at once we are forced to admit the omnipresence of the one same power or at the least the presence - as in one and the same body - of some undivided identity integral at every point.

And if this is the case with a particular body, why not with the entire universe?

If we think of the single power as being endlessly divided, it is no longer a power entire; partition means lessening of power; and, with part of power for part of body, the conditions of consciousness cease.

Further, a vestigial cut off from its source disappears - for example, a reflected light - and in general an emanant loses its quality once it is severed from the original which it reproduces: just so the powers derived from that source must vanish if they do not remain attached to it.

This being so, where these powers appear, their source must be present with them; thus, once more, that source must itself be omnipresent as an undivided whole.


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[1Cuestión planteada de lleno en el Parménides, 142 fc-143 a. Para Platón el ser uno, al dividirse indefinidamente, engendra un número indefinido de seres; cada parte, no obstante, conserva todos los elementos del ser primero.