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Plotino - Tratado 1,2 (I,6,2) - Afinidade entre o papel embelezador da Forma e a atividade da alma

sábado 18 de setembro de 2021, por Cardoso de Castro

  

Baracat

2. Recomeçando, pois, digamos primeiramente o que é com certeza o belo nos corpos. Com efeito, é algo que se toma perceptível logo no primeiro vislumbre, e a alma, como se o compreendesse, o declara e, reconhecendo-o, o acolhe e, por assim dizer, a ele se ajusta. Confrontando-se com o feio, porém, ela se recolhe e o recusa e dele se afasta [1], porque é inconsonante e alheia a ele. Pois bem, afirmamos que a alma, como é por natureza o que é e provém da essência que é superior entre os entes, quando vê algo congênere a ela ou um traço do congênere, se alegra e se deleita, e o reporta para si e rememora de si mesma e dos seus. [306]

Então, que semelhança há entre as coisas belas daqui e as de lá? E, ainda, se existe semelhança, que sejam semelhantes: mas como são belas tanto as de lá quanto as de cá? Sustentamos que as de cá o são pela participação em uma forma. Pois tudo o que é amorfo, sendo por natureza apto a receber um formato e uma forma [2], se permanece impartícipe da razão [logos] e da forma [3], é feio e externo à razão divina: e isso é o inteiramente feio [4]. Mas também é feio aquilo que não é dominado por um formato e por uma razão formativa, porque a matéria não suportou ser completamente formatada pela forma [5]. Pois a forma, advindo, compõe e coordena aquilo que vai ser algo uno e composto de muitas partes, e o conduz a uma completude una e nele produz a unidade através da concordância, pois, sendo ela una, o que foi por ela informado também devia ser uno, na medida de suas possibilidades, uma vez que é composto de múltiplas partes. Assim, a beleza se assenta sobre ele, quando ele já está reduzido à unidade, doando-se às partes e aos todos. Quando ela toma algo uno e isômero, dá ao todo a mesma beleza: assim como, em certas ocasiões, a arte dá beleza a toda uma casa com suas partes e, noutras, uma natureza o faz a uma única pedra. Assim, pois, o corpo belo surge da comunhão com uma razão provinda dos seres divinos. [307]

Américo Sommerman

2. Caminhemos então em direção à origem e indiquemos o princípio que concede a beleza às coisas materiais. Esse princípio sem dúvida existe. É algo perceptível ao primeiro olhar, algo que a alma reconhece a partir de um antigo conhecimento e, ao reconhecê-lo, acolhe-o e entra em ressonância com ele. Por outro lado, quando recebe a impressão da feiura ela se agita, recusa-a e a repeli como uma coisa discordante que lhe é estranha.

Afirmamos, portanto, que a alma, pela própria verdade de sua natureza, por descender do mais nobre dentre os existentes na hierarquia do Ser, deleita-se ao ver seres do mesmo gênero que ela ou com traços semelhantes aos dela. Quando os vê ela se surpreende, pois eles a remetem a si mesma, fazem com que se lembre de si e do que lhe pertence. Porém, será que há alguma semelhança entre as belezas lá do alto e as deste mundo? Tal semelhança faria com que as duas ordens se assemelhassem, mas o que há em comum entre a beleza lá do alto e a beleza deste mundo?

Toda e qualquer beleza deste mundo advém da comunhão com uma Forma-ideal. Todas as coisas privadas de forma e destinadas a receber uma forma e uma idéia permanecem feias e estranhas ao pensamento divino enquanto não comungarem com um pensamento e uma idéia. E a feiura absoluta consiste nisso. Tudo o que não é dominado por uma idéia e por um pensamento [logos] é algo feio. Porém, quando a Idéia [ou Forma-ideal] se aproxima e ordena, combinando as várias partes das quais um ser é composto, ela as reduz a um todo convergente e, colocando-as de acordo entre si, cria a unidade, uma vez que a Idéia é uma unidade e o que é moldado por ela deve unificar-se, dentro do que é possível a uma coisa composta de muitas partes. Quando algo é conduzido à unidade, a beleza entroniza-se ali e se dá à todas as suas partes e ao conjunto. Porém, quando ela brilha em alguma unidade natural, em algo homogêneo, então dá-se ao conjunto. Eis uma ilustração disso: há a beleza que é conferida a uma casa inteira e a todas as suas partes pelo artífice, e há a beleza que alguma qualidade natural pode conferir a uma simples pedra.

Assim, a beleza das coisa materiais provém de sua comunhão com o pensamento [razão, logos] que emana dos deuses.

Igal

2 De nuevo, pues, reanudando el tema, digamos lo primero en qué consiste por cierto la belleza que hay en los cuerpos. Efectivamente, es algo que se hace perceptible aun a la primera ojeada, y el alma se pronuncia como quien comprende y, reconociéndolo, lo acoge y como que se ajusta con ello. En cambio, si tropieza con lo feo, «se repliega», y reniega y disiente de ello porque no sintoniza con ello y está ajena a ello. Pues bien, nuestra explicación es que, como el alma es por naturaleza lo que es y procede de la Esencia que le es superior entre los seres, en cuanto ve cualquier cosa de su estirpe o una huella de lo de su estirpe, se alegra y se queda emocionada y la relaciona consigo misma y tiene remembranza de sí misma y de los suyos.

¿Pues qué parecido tienen las cosas de acá con las cosas bellas de allá? Además, si tienen parecido, concedamos que sean parecidas. Pero ¿en virtud de qué son bellas tanto las de allá como las de acá?

Nuestra respuesta es que las de acá lo son por participación en una forma. Porque todo lo informe, como es susceptible por naturaleza de conformación y de forma, si no participa en una razón y en una forma, es feo y queda fuera de la Razón divina. Y ésta es la fealdad absoluta. Pero también es feo lo que no ha sido dominado por la conformación y la razón, debido a que la materia se resistió a dejarse conformar del todo por la forma. Es, pues, la forma la que, con su advenimiento, compone y coordina lo que Va a ser algo uno compuesto de muchos, lo reduce a una sola comunidad y lo deja convertido, por la concordia, en unidad, supuesto que, como la forma era una, también lo conformado por ella debía ser uno, como podía serlo constando de muchas partes. Y, una vez que ha sido ya reducido a unidad, es cuando la belleza se asienta sobre ello dándose tanto a las partes como a los todos. Porque cuando toma posesión de algo uno y homogéneo, da al todo la misma belleza que a las partes. Por ejemplo, unas veces será el arte el que dé belleza a una casa entera junto con sus partes, mientras que otras una naturaleza particular dará belleza a una sola piedra.

He aquí, pues, cómo se origina el cuerpo bello por la comunión con una razón originaria de Seres divinos.

Bréhier

2. Reprenons donc, et disons d’abord ce qu’est la beauté dans les corps. C’est une qualité qui devient sensible dès la première impression ; l’âme prononce sur elle avec intelligence ; elle la reconnaît, elle l’accueille et, en quelque manière, s’y ajuste. Mais quand elle reçoit l’impression de la laideur, elle s’agite ; elle la refuse ; elle la repousse comme une chose discordante et qui lui est étrangère. Nous affirmons donc que l’âme, étant ce qu’elle est, et toute proche de l’essence réelle, qui lui est supérieure, se complaît dans le spectacle des êtres de même genre qu’elle ou des traces de ces ces êtres ; tout étonnée de les voir, elle les rapporte à elle ; elle se souvient d’elle-même et de ce qui lui appartient. Quelle ressemblance y-a-t-il donc entre les beautés de là-bas et celles d’ici ? S’il y a ressemblance, qu’elles soient semblable en effet. Mais comment sont-elles, les unes et les autres, des beautés ? C’est, disons-nous, parce qu’elles participent à une idée. Car toute chose privée de forme et destinée à recevoir une forme et une idée reste laide et étrangère à la raison divine, tant qu’elle n’a part ni à une raison ni à une forme ; et c’est là l’absolue laideur. Est laid aussi tout ce qui n’est pas dominé par une forme et par une raison, parce que la mati  ère n’a pas admis complètement l’information par l’idée. Donc l’idée s’approche, et elle ordonne, en les combinant les parties multiples dont un être est fait ; elle les réduits à un tout convergent, et crée l’unité en les accordant entre elles, parce qu’elle-même est une, et parce que l’être informé par elle doit être un autant qu’une chose composée de plusieurs parties peut l’être. La beauté siège donc en cet être, lorsqu’il est ramené à l’unité, et elle se donne à toutes ses parties et à l’ensemble. Mais, lorsqu’elle survient en un être un et homogène, elle donne la même beauté à l’ensemble ; c’est comme si une puissance naturelle, procédant comme l’art, donnait la beauté, dans le premier cas, à une maison tout entière avec ses parties, dans le second cas, à une seule pierre. Ainsi la beauté du corps dérive de sa participation à une raison venue des dieux.

Guthrie

BEAUTY CONSISTS IN KINSHIP TO THE SOUL.

2. Returning to our first consideration, we shall examine the nature of the element of beauty in bodies. It is something perceivable at the very first glance, something which the soul recognizes as kindred, and sympathetic to her own nature, which she welcomes and assimilates. But as soon as she meets an ugly object, she recoils, repudiates it, and rejects it as some thing foreign, towards which her real nature feels antipathy. That is the reason why the soul, being such as it is, namely, of an essence superior to all other beings, when she perceives an object kindred to her own nature, or which reveals only some traces of it, rejoices, is transported, compares this object with her own nature, thinks of herself, and of her intimate being as it would be impossible to fail to perceive this re semblance.

BEAUTY CONSISTS IN PARTICIPATION IN A FORM.

How can both sensible and intelligible objects be beautiful? Because, as we said, sensible objects participate in a form. While a shapeless object, by nature capable of receiving shape (physical) and form (intelligible), remains without reason or form, it is ugly. That which remains completely foreign to all divine reason (a reason proceeding from the universal Soul), is absolute ugliness. Any object should be considered ugly which is not entirely molded by informing reason, the matter, not being able to receive perfectly the form (which the Soul gives it). On joining matter, form co-ordinates the different parts which are to com pose unity, combines them, and by their harmony produces something which is a unit. Since (form) is one, that which it fashions will also have to be one, as far as a composite object can be one. When such an object has arrived at unity, beauty resides in it, and it communicates itself to the parts as well as to the whole. When it meets a whole, the parts of which are perfectly similar, it interpenetrates it evenly. Thus it would show itself now in an entire building, then in a single stone, later in art-products as well as in the works of nature. Thus bodies become beautiful by communion with (or, participation in) a reason descending upon it from the divine (universal Soul).

MacKenna

2. Let us, then, go back to the source, and indicate at once the Principle that bestows beauty on material things.

Undoubtedly this Principle exists; it is something that is perceived at the first glance, something which the soul names as from an ancient knowledge and, recognising, welcomes it, enters into unison with it.

But let the soul fall in with the Ugly and at once it shrinks within itself, denies the thing, turns away from it, not accordant, resenting it.

Our interpretation is that the soul- by the very truth of its nature, by its affiliation to the noblest Existents in the hierarchy of Being- when it sees anything of that kin, or any trace of that kinship, thrills with an immediate delight, takes its own to itself, and thus stirs anew to the sense of its nature and of all its affinity.

But, is there any such likeness between the loveliness of this world and the splendours in the Supreme? Such a likeness in the particulars would make the two orders alike: but what is there in common between beauty here and beauty There?

We hold that all the loveliness of this world comes by communion in Ideal-Form.

All shapelessness whose kind admits of pattern and form, as long as it remains outside of Reason and Idea, is ugly by that very isolation from the Divine-Thought. And this is the Absolute Ugly: an ugly thing is something that has not been entirely mastered by pattern, that is by Reason, the Matter not yielding at all points and in all respects to Ideal-Form.

But where the Ideal-Form has entered, it has grouped and coordinated what from a diversity of parts was to become a unity: it has rallied confusion into co-operation: it has made the sum one harmonious coherence: for the Idea is a unity and what it moulds must come to unity as far as multiplicity may.

And on what has thus been compacted to unity, Beauty enthrones itself, giving itself to the parts as to the sum: when it lights on some natural unity, a thing of like parts, then it gives itself to that whole. Thus, for an illustration, there is the beauty, conferred by craftsmanship, of all a house with all its parts, and the beauty which some natural quality may give to a single stone.

This, then, is how the material thing becomes beautiful- by communicating in the thought that flows from the Divine.

Taylor

II. We still, therefore, repeat the question, what is the beauty of bodies? It is something, which, at first view, presents itself to sense; and which the soul familiarly apprehends, and eagerly embraces, as if it were allied to itself: But when it meets with the deformed, it hastily starts from the view, and retires abhorrent from its discordant nature. For since the soul in its proper state, ranks according to the most excellent essence in the order of things, when it perceives any object related to itself, or the mere vestige of a relation, it congratulates itself on the pleasing event, and astonished with the striking resemblance, enters deep into its essence, [6] and, by rousing its dormant powers, at length perfectly recollects its kindred and allies. What is the similitude then between the beauties of sense, and that beauty which is divine? For if there be any similitude, the respective objects must be similar. But after what manner are the two beautiful? For it is by participation of species that we call every sensible object beautiful. Thus, since every thing void of form is by nature fitted for its reception, as far as it is destitute of reason and form, it is base, and separate from the divine reason, the great fountain of forms; and whatever is entirely remote from this immortal source, is perfectly base, and deformed. And such is matter, [7] which by its nature is ever averse from the supervening irradiations of form. Whenever, therefore, form accedes, it conciliates in amicable unity, the parts which are about to compose a whole: for being itself one, it is not wonderful that the subject of its power should tend to unity, as far as the nature of a compound will admit. Hence beauty is established in multitude, when the many is reduced into one; and in this case it communicates itself both to the parts, and to the whole. But when a particular one, composed from similar parts, is received, it gives itself to the whole, without departing from the sameness and integrity of its nature. Thus at one and the same time, it communicates itself to the whole building, and its several parts; and at another time confines itself to a single stone: and then the first participation arises from the operations of art, but the second from the formation of nature. And hence body becomes beautiful, through the communion supernally proceeding from divinity.


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[1Cf. Platão, Banquete 206 d 6.

[2Traduzo morphé por "formato" e eídos por "forma, sempre que, como nesta passagem, seja nítida a distinção entre o formato perceptível sensorialmente e a forma inteligível.

[3Cf. Platão, Timeu 50 d 7.

[4A matéria, que não participa da forma, do ser e do bem.

[5Cf. Aristóteles, Sobre a Geração dos Animais IV 3- 769b 12, IV 4. 770b 16-17.

[6Enters deep into its essence, etc. The Platonic philosophy insists much on the necessity of retiring into ourselves in order to the discovery of truth: and on this account, Socrates, in the first Alcibiades, says, that the soul entering into herself will contemplate whatever exists, and the divinity himself. Upon which Proclus thus comments, with his usual elegance and depth, (in Theology of Plato, page 7) "For the soul (says he) contracting herself wholly into a union with herself, and into the centre of universal life, and removing the multitude and variety of all-various powers, ascends into the highest (periope) place of speculation, from whence she will survey the nature of beings. For if she looks back upon things posterior to her essence, she will perceive nothing but the shadows and resemblances of beings: but if she returns into herself, she will evolve her own essence, and the reasons she contains. And at first indeed she will as it were only behold herself; but when by her knowledge she penetrates more profoundly in her investigations, she will find intellect seated in her essence, and the universal orders of beings: but when she advances into the more interior recesses of herself, and as it were into the sanctuary of the soul, she will be enabled to contemplate, with her eyes closed to corporeal vision, the genus of the gods, and the unities of beings. For all things reside in us, (psychikos) after a manner correspondent to the nature of the soul: and on this account we are naturally enabled to know all things, by exciting our uiherent powers, and images of whatever exists."

[7And such is matter, etc. There is nothing affords more wonderful speculation than latter, which ranks as the last among the universality of things, and has the same relation to being, as shade to substance. For, as in an ascending series of causes, it is necessary to arrive at something, which is the first cause of all, and to which no Perfection is wanting: so in a descending series of subjects, it is equally necessary we should stop at some general subject, the lowest in the order of things, and to which every perfection of being is denied. (For a further discussion of the nature of matter see Ennead III, vi, sect 7 on page 247 and Ennead II, iv on page 197).