spengler:spengler-ht-a-tecnica-como-tatica
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| + | ====== TÉCNICA COMO TÁTICA (HT) ====== | ||
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| + | <tabbox espanhol> | ||
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| + | El problema de la técnica y de su relación con la cultura y la Historia no se plantea hasta el siglo XIX. El siglo XVIII, con el escepticismo fundamental, | ||
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| + | Por entonces, en la época de Robinson y de Rousseau, de los parques ingleses y de la poesía pastoril, considerábase al hombre “primitivo” como una especie de corderito pacífico y virtuoso, echado a perder más tarde por la cultura. Pasábase completamente por alto la técnica; y, en todo caso, ante las consideraciones morales, considerábasela como indigna de la atención. | ||
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| + | Pero la técnica maquinista de la Europa occidental creció en proporciones gigantescas desde Napoleón; y con sus ciudades fabriles, sus ferrocarriles y sus barcos de vapor obligó, finalmente, a plantear en serio el problema. ¿Qué significa la técnica? ¿Qué sentido tiene en la historia, qué valor en la vida del hombre, qué rango moral o metafísico? | ||
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| + | Por una parte, los idealistas y los ideólogos, los epígonos del clasicismo humanista de la época de Goethe, despreciaban las cosas técnicas y las cuestiones económicas en general, considerándolas como extrañas y ajenas a la cultura. Goethe, con su gran sentido de todo lo real, había intentado en la segunda parte del Fausto penetrar en las más hondas profundidades de ese nuevo mundo de los hechos. Pero ya con Guillermo de Humboldt comienza la concepción filológica de la historia, una concepción ajena a la realidad y según la cual medíase, al fin y al cabo, el rango de una época histórica por el número de cuadros y de libros que en ella se hayan producido. Un soberano no poseía significación de importancia más que si se conducía como un Mecenas. No importaba lo que por lo demás, fuese. El Estado era una constante perturbación para la verdadera cultura, que se fraguaba en las aulas, en los gabinetes de los científicos y en los talleres de los artistas. La guerra era una barbarie inverosímil de épocas pretéritas, | ||
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| + | De otra parte estaba el materialismo de origen esencialmente inglés, la gran moda de los semicultos en la segunda mitad del siglo pasado, de los folletones liberales y de las asambleas populares radicales, de los marxistas y de los escritores ético-sociales que se tenían por pensadores y poetas. | ||
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| + | Si a los primeros les faltaba el sentido de la realidad, a éstos, en cambio, les faltaba en grado superlativo el sentido de la profundidad. Su ideal era exclusivamente lo útil. Todo lo que fuese útil para la “humanidad” pertenecía a la cultura, era cultura. Lo de más era lujo, superstición o barbarie. | ||
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| + | Útil, empero, era lo que sirve a la “felicidad del mayor número”. Y esta felicidad consistía en no hacer nada. Tal es, en último término, la doctrina de Bentham, Mill y Spencer. El fin de la Humanidad consistía en aliviar al individuo de la mayor cantidad posible de trabajo, cargándolo a la máquina. Libertad de “la miseria, de la esclavitud asalariada”, | ||
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| + | Este no es el gusto de los grandes descubridores mismos, con pocas excepciones; | ||
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| + | Ambos puntos de vista están hoy anticuados. El siglo XX ha llegado a madurez y puede penetrar, al fin, en el último sentido de los hechos, en cuya totalidad consiste la historia real del Universo. Ya no se trata de interpretar, | ||
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| + | El tacto fisiognómico, | ||
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| + | <tabbox inglês> | ||
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| + | The problem of technics and its relation to culture and to history first emerges in the nineteenth century. The eighteenth century, with its fundamental scepticism — a doubt that was tantamount to despair — had posed the question of the meaning and value of culture; a question that led to further, ever more subversive questions and so laid the foundations for the possibility today, in the twentieth century, of seeing world history itself as a problem. | ||
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| + | The eighteenth century, the age of Robinson [] and Rousseau, of the English park and of pastoral poetry, had regarded ‘primordial’ Man himself as a sort of lamb of the pastures, a peaceful and virtuous creature who would only later be corrupted by culture. The technical side of him was completely overlooked, and in any case considered unworthy of consideration compared with considerations of moral issues. | ||
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| + | But after Napoleon the machine-technics of Western Europe grew gigantic and, with its manufacturing towns, its railways, its steamships, it has forced us in the end to face the problem in earnest. What is the significance of technics? What meaning within history or value within life does it possess? What moral and metaphysical dimensions does it have? Many answers were given, but ultimately they are reducible to two. | ||
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| + | On the one side there were the idealists and ideologues, the belated stragglers of the humanistic Classicism of Goethe’s age, who generally regarded technical matters and economic issues as separate from culture and beneath it. Goethe, with his grand sense of all things real, had attempted to probe this new fact-world to its deepest depths in the second part of Faust. But even in Wilhelm von Humboldt [] we have the beginnings of that anti-realist, | ||
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| + | On the other hand there was a materialism of an essentially English provenance which was the fashion among the half-educated during the latter half of the nineteenth century, of liberal culture pages and radical popular assemblies, of Marxist and social-ethical writers who fancied themselves thinkers and poets. | ||
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| + | If the characteristic of the first class was a lack of a sense of reality, that of the second was a devastating shallowness. Its ideal was utility, and utility only. Whatever was useful to ‘humanity’ was a legitimate element of culture, was in fact culture. The rest was luxury, superstition, | ||
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| + | Utility meant what was conducive to the ‘happiness of the majority’, | ||
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| + | That is not at all to the taste of the great inventors themselves (with few exceptions), | ||
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| + | Today both views are obsolete. The twentieth century has at last reached the maturity to penetrate the inner meaning of the facts which collectively comprise genuine world history. Interpreting facts and events is no longer a matter of the private tastes of individuals or of the masses, a rationalistic tendency, or of one’s own hopes and desires. The place of ‘it shall be so’ and ‘it ought to be so’ is taken by the inexorable ‘it is so’, ‘it will be so’. A proud scepticism displaces the sentimentalities of last century. We have learned that history is something that takes no notice whatever of our expectations. | ||
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| + | The physiognomic tact — as I have called it [] — the quality which alone enables us to probe the meaning of all events, the insight of Goethe and of every born connoisseur of men and life and history throughout the ages — reveals the deeper significance of particular phenomena. | ||
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| + | </ | ||
