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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: injustice
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
adikia
[407b] "Whither haste ye, O men ? Yea, verily ye know not that ye are doing none of the things ye ought, seeing that ye spend your whole energy on wealth and the acquiring of it ; while as to your sons to whom ye will bequeath it, ye neglect to ensure that they shall understand how to use it justly, and ye find for them no teachers of justice, if so be that it is teachable — or if it be a matter of training and practice, instructors who can efficiently practice and train them — nor (…)
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Jowett: principle
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Well, he said, I admit that justice bears a resemblance to holiness, for there is always some point of view in which everything is like every other thing ; white is in a certain way like black, and hard is like soft, and the most extreme opposites have some qualities in common ; even the parts of the face which, as we were saying before, are distinct and have different functions, are still in a certain point of view similar, and one of them is like another of them. And you may prove that (…)
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Jowett: eternity
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
aion
Let us reflect in another way, and we shall see that there is great reason to hope that death is a good, for one of two things : — either death is a state of nothingness and utter unconsciousness, or, as men say, there is a change and migration of the soul from this world to another. Now if you suppose that there is no consciousness, but a sleep like the sleep of him who is undisturbed even by the sight of dreams, death will be an unspeakable gain. For if a person were to select the (…)
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Jowett: ruling principle
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Once more, he said, what ruling principle is there of human things other than the soul, and especially the wise soul ? Do you know of any ? PHAEDO
"Every one sees that love is a desire, and we know also that non-lovers desire the beautiful and good. Now in what way is the lover to be distinguished from the non-lover ? Let us note that in every one of us there are two guiding and ruling principles which lead us whither they will ; one is the natural desire of pleasure, the other is an (…)
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Jowett: eternal
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
aion
Soc. Nor can we reasonably say, Cratylus, that there is knowledge at all, if everything is in a state of transition and there is nothing abiding ; for knowledge too cannot continue to be knowledge unless continuing always to abide and exist. But if the very nature of knowledge changes, at the time when the change occurs there will be no knowledge ; and if the transition is always going on, there will always be no knowledge, and, according to this view, there will be no one to know and (…)
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Jowett: saving principle
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Well then, I shall say, if you agree so far, be so good as to answer me a question : Do not the same magnitudes appear larger to your sight when near, and smaller when at a distance ? They will acknowledge that. And the same holds of thickness and number ; also sounds, which are in themselves equal, are greater when near, and lesser when at a distance. They will grant that also. Now suppose happiness to consist in doing or choosing the greater, and in not doing or in avoiding the less, what (…)
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Jowett: Agathon
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Also, "my eyes beheld Tantalus" ; for Prodicus the Cean was at Athens : he had been lodged in a room which, in the days of Hipponicus, was a storehouse ; but, as the house was full, Callias had cleared this out and made the room into a guest-chamber. Now Prodicus was still in bed, wrapped up in sheepskins and bed-clothes, of which there seemed to be a great heap ; and there was sitting by him on the couches near, Pausanias of the deme of Cerameis, and with Pausanias was a youth quite young, (…)
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Jowett: principle of friendship
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
But then, proceeding in this way, shall we not arrive at some first principle of friendship or dearness which is not capable of being referred to any other, for the sake of which, as we maintain, all other things are dear, and, having there arrived, we shall stop ? LYSIS
And the truly dear or ultimate principle of friendship is not for the sake of any other or further dear. LYSIS
Then the final principle of friendship, in which all other friendships terminated, those, I mean, which are (…)
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Jowett: not-being
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. Yes, Theaetetus ; and there are plenty of other proofs which will show that motion is the source of what is called being and becoming, and inactivity of not-being and destruction ; for fire and warmth, which are supposed to be the parent and guardian of all other things, are born of movement and friction, which is a kind of motion ; — is not this the origin of fire ? THEAETETUS
Soc. Very good ; and now tell me what is the power which discerns, not only in sensible objects, but in all (…)
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Jowett: principle of justice
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Cal. O Socrates, you are a regular declaimer, and seem to be running riot in the argument. And now you are declaiming in this way because Polus has fallen into the same error himself of which he accused Gorgias : — for he said that when Gorgias was asked by you, whether, if some one came to him who wanted to learn rhetoric, and did not know justice, he would teach him justice, Gorgias in his modesty replied that he would, because he thought that mankind in general would be displeased if he (…)
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Plotino - Tratado 36,7 (I, 5, 7) — Sexta dificuldade
12 de junho de 2022, por Cardoso de Castro
Igal
7. —Pero si no hay que tener en cuenta más que lo presenté sin sumarlo con lo pasado, ¿por qué no hacemos lo mismo en el caso del tiempo, sino que, sumando el pasado con el presente, decimos que es mayor? ¿Por qué, pues, no hemos de decir que la felicidad es tan grande como el tiempo transcurrido? Y así, podemos dividir la felicidad de acuerdo con las divisiones del tiempo. Además, si medimos la felicidad por el presente, la haremos indivisible.
—No, el tiempo no es absurdo (…)
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Jowett: Not-being
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Not-being never is, and do thou keep thy thoughts from this way of enquiry. SOPHIST
Str. Not-being has been acknowledged by us to be one among many classes diffused over all being. SOPHIST
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Jowett: true principle
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
but anything in which he is inferior, he avoids and depreciates, and praises the opposite partiality to himself, and because he from that he will thus praise himself. The true principle is to unite them. Philosophy, as a part of education, is an excellent thing, and there is no disgrace to a man while he is young in pursuing such a study ; but when he is more advanced in years, the thing becomes ridiculous, and I feel towards philosophers as I do towards those who lisp and imitate children. (…)
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Jowett: not-one
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And will not all things that are not one, be other than the one, and the one other than the not-one ? PARMENIDES
Then not by reason of otherness is the one other than the not-one, or the not-one other than the one. PARMENIDES
Again, the not-one cannot partake of the one ; otherwise it would not have been not-one, but would have been in some way one. PARMENIDES
Nor can the not-one be number ; for having number, it would not have been not-one at all. PARMENIDES
Again, is the not-one (…)
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Jowett: guiding principle
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And what is the guiding principle which makes them profitable or the reverse ? Are they not profitable when they are rightly used, and hurtful when they are not rightly used ? MENO
Now, when all of them, both those who visibly appear in their revolutions as well as those other gods who are of a more retiring nature, had come into being, the creator of the universe addressed them in these words : "Gods, children of gods, who are my works, and of whom I am the artificer and father, my (…)
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Jowett: not-seeing
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And seeing is knowing, and therefore not-seeing is not-knowing ? THEAETETUS
Soc. None of that, he will reply ; I do not ask or bid you answer in what sense you know, but only whether you know that which you do not know. You have been proved to see that which you do not see ; and you have already admitted that seeing is knowing, and that not-seeing is not-knowing : I leave you to draw the inference. THEAETETUS
Soc. Then we must not speak of seeing any more than of not-seeing, nor of (…)
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Jowett: divine principle
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Str. The meaning is, that the opinion about the honourable and the just and good and their opposites, which is true and confirmed by reason, is a divine principle, and when implanted in the soul, is implanted, as I maintain, in a nature of heavenly birth. STATESMAN
And we should consider that God gave the sovereign part of the human soul to be the divinity of each one, being that part which, as we say, dwells at the top of the body, inasmuch as we are a plant not of an earthly but of a (…)
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Jowett: sensation
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : Now what can law be ? Let us consider it in this way. Suppose someone had asked us about what was stated just now : [314a] Since you say it is by sight that things seen are seen, what is this sight whereby they are seen ? Our answer to him would have been : That sensation which shows objects by means of the eyes. And if he had asked us again : Well then, since it is by hearing that things heard are heard, what is hearing ? Our answer to him would have been : That sensation which (…)
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Jowett: immortal principle
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
"Then if this be the nature of love, can you tell me further," she said, "what is the manner of the pursuit ? what are they doing who show all this eagerness and heat which is called love ? and what is the object which they have in view ? Answer me." "Nay, Diotima," I replied, "if I had known, I should not have wondered at your wisdom, neither should I have come to learn from you about this very matter." "Well," she said, "I will teach you : — The object which they have in view is birth in (…)
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Jowett: sensations
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
[133a] Then the two striplings, overhearing us speak somewhat like this, were silent, and ceasing from their own contention they became listeners to ours. What their lovers’ sensations were, I do not know, but I myself, at any rate, was staggered ; for every time I am staggered by handsome young people. It seemed to me, however, that my young friend too was in as great a flutter as myself ; but nevertheless he answered me in a most ambitious spirit : Why, of course, Socrates, he said, if I (…)