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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: eye of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
I am amused, I said, at your fear of the world, which makes you guard against the appearance of insisting upon useless studies ; and I quite admit the difficulty of believing that in every man there is an eye of the soul which, when by other pursuits lost and dimmed, is by these purified and reillumined ; and is more precious far than ten thousand bodily eyes, for by it alone is truth seen. Now there are two classes of persons : one class of those who will agree with you and will take your (…)
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Jowett: goddesses
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
god
Socrates : Well, try another way : who are the goddesses that foster the art ? ALCIBIADES I
Phaedrus, he said, the argument has not been set before us, I think, quite in the right form ; — we should not be called upon to praise Love in such an indiscriminate manner. If there were only one Love, then what you said would be well enough ; but since there are more Loves than one, — should have begun by determining which of them was to be the theme of our praises. I will amend this defect (…)
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Jowett: harmonious soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And the man who has the spirit of harmony will be most in love with the loveliest ; but he will not love him who is of an inharmonious soul ? THE REPUBLIC BOOK III
Beyond question. And the harmonious soul is both temperate and courageous ? THE REPUBLIC BOOK III
For these reasons such a one will be more respectable than most people ; yet the true virtue of a unanimous and harmonious soul will flee far away and never come near him. THE REPUBLIC BOOK VIII
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Jowett: godless
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
god
Socrates : But if you act unjustly, with your eyes on the godless and dark, the probability is that your acts will resemble these through your ignorance of yourselves. ALCIBIADES I
Soc. There are two patterns eternally set before them ; the one blessed and divine, the other godless and wretched : but they do not see them, or perceive that in their utter folly and infatuation they are growing like the one and unlike the other, by reason of their evil deeds ; and the penalty is, that (…)
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Jowett: soul of a freeman
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Having begun to speak of homicide, let us endeavour to lay down laws concerning every different kind of homicides, and, first of all, concerning violent and involuntary homicides. If any one in an athletic contest, and at the public games, involuntarily kills a friend, and he dies either at the time or afterwards of the blows which he has received ; or if the like misfortune happens to any one in war, or military exercises, or mimic contests. of which the magistrates enjoin the practice, (…)
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Jowett: godlessness
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
god
Str. In like manner, the royal science appears to me to be the mistress of all lawful educators and instructors, and having this queenly power, will not permit them to train men in what will produce characters unsuited to the political constitution which she desires to create, but only in what will produce such as are suitable. Those which have no share of manliness and temperance, or any other virtuous inclination, and, from the necessity of an evil nature, are violently carried away (…)
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Jowett: image of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Let us make an image of the soul, that he may have his own words presented before his eyes. THE REPUBLIC BOOK IX
An ideal image of the soul, like the composite creations of ancient mythology, such as the Chimera, or Scylla, or Cerberus, and there are many others in which two or more different natures are said to grow into one. THE REPUBLIC BOOK IX
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Jowett: godlike
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
god
But of beauty, I repeat again that we saw her there shining in company with the celestial forms ; and coming to earth we find her here too, shining in clearness through the clearest aperture of sense. For sight is the most piercing of our bodily senses ; though not by that is wisdom seen ; her loveliness would have been transporting if there had been a visible image of her, and the other ideas, if they had visible counterparts, would be equally lovely. But this is the privilege of (…)
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Jowett: rational principle in the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And this, surely, must be the work of the calculating and rational principle in the soul ? THE REPUBLIC BOOK X
Then the imitative poet who aims at being popular is not by nature made, nor is his art intended, to please or to affect the rational principle in the soul ; but he will prefer the passionate and fitful temper, which is easily imitated ? THE REPUBLIC BOOK X
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Jowett: gods
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
god
Socrates : The greatest of questions, Alcibiades, [138b] as I believe. For tell me, in Heaven’s name, do you not think that the gods sometimes grant in part, but in part refuse, what we ask of them in our private and public prayers, and gratify some people, but not others ? ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : Then you would agree that one should take great precautions against falling unawares into the error of praying for great evils in the belief that they are good, while the gods happen to be (…)
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Jowett: our soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
[150e] so you too must first have the mist removed which now enwraps your soul, and then you will be ready to receive the means whereby you will discern both evil and good. For at present I do not think you could do so. ALCIBIADES II
[364a] Socrates : You are in a state of blessedness, Hippias, if at every Olympiad you come to the sanctuary with fair hopes concerning your soul and its wisdom ; and I should be surprised if any of the physical athletes when he goes to that same place to take (…)
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Jowett: Gods
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
god
Gods, the, Socrates’ belief in, Apol. 26; human ignorance of, Crat. 400 E, 425 C (cp. Rep. 2. 365 E ; Crit. 107 ; Parm. 134 E); disbelief in, Rep. 2. 365; Laws 10. 885 foil., 887, 909; 12. 948 ; existence of, proved, Laws 10. 886900; 12. 966; said to exist by convention, it. 10. 889 E; supposed to take no heed of human affairs, it. 885 C, 888 E foil. 12. 948 (cp. Rep. 2. 365 E; Parm. 134 E); not careless or ignorant, Laws 10. 900; eternal, but the soul and body indestructible, it. 904 (…)
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Jowett: my soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Theages : Yes, on my soul, I do — that, if it be your pleasure, I too shall be able to become such as those others are. THEAGES
Socrates : "Cleitomachus," he said, "I tell you I am going to my death now, because I would not take Socrates’ advice." Now, why on earth did Timarchus say that ? I will tell you. When Timarchus and Philemon, [129b] son of Philemonides, got up from the wine-party to kill Nicias, son of Heroscamandrus, those two alone had knowledge of the plot ; and Timarchus, as (…)
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Jowett: ether
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
What hopes I had formed, and how grievously was I disappointed ! As I proceeded, I found my philosopher altogether forsaking mind or any other principle of order, but having recourse to air, and ether, and water, and other eccentricities. I might compare him to a person who began by maintaining generally that mind is the cause of the actions of Socrates, but who, when he endeavored to explain the causes of my several actions in detail, went on to show that I sit here because my body is made (…)
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Jowett: soul (Philebus, Timaeus, Laws)
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Tim. Let me tell you then why the creator made this world of generation. He was good, and the good can never have any jealousy of anything. And being free from jealousy, he desired that all things should be as like himself as they could be. This is in the truest sense the origin of creation and of the world, as we shall do well in believing on the testimony of wise men : God desired that all things should be good and nothing bad, so far as this was attainable. Wherefore also finding the (…)
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Jowett: intellect
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
intellect; objects of opinion and intellect classified, Rep. 7. 534 (cp. 5. 476); relation of the intellect and the good, ib. 6. 508; intellect and true opinion, Tim. 51. Cp. Mind.
[364a] Socrates : You are in a state of blessedness, Hippias, if at every Olympiad you come to the sanctuary with fair hopes concerning your soul and its wisdom ; and I should be surprised if any of the physical athletes when he goes to that same place to take part in the contests, has such fearless confidence (…)
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Jowett: without soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And wisdom and mind cannot exist without soul ? PHILEBUS
Ath. Just the opposite, as I said, of the opinion which once prevailed among men, that the sun and stars are without soul. Even in those days men wondered about them, and that which is now ascertained was then conjectured by some who had a more exact knowledge of them — that if they had been things without soul, and had no mind, they could never have moved with numerical exactness so wonderful ; and even at that time some (…)
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Jowett: intellectual
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
intellect
Nic. Because you seem not to be aware that any one who has an intellectual affinity to Socrates and enters into conversation with him is liable to be drawn into an argument ; and whatever subject he may start, he will be continually carried round and round by him, until at last he finds that he has to give an account both of his present and past life ; and when he is once entangled, Socrates will not let him go until he has completely and thoroughly sifted him. Now I am used to (…)
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Jowett: Achilles
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Socrates : Indeed, Eudicus, there are some points in what Hippias was just now saying of Homer, [363b] about which I should like to question him. For I used to hear your father Apemantus say that Homer’s Iliad was a finer poem than the Odyssey, and just as much finer as Achilles was finer than Odysseus for he said that one of these poems was made with Odysseus ; the other with Achilles as its subject. So that is a point about which, if it is agreeable to Hippias, I should like to ask — what (…)
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Jowett: intelligence
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
intellect
I mean, what is done best by rule of his particular art — while he is entirely off the track of what is best for the state and for himself, because, I conceive, he has put his trust in opinion apart from intelligence. In these circumstances, [146b] should we not be right in saying that such a state is one great mass of turmoil and lawlessness ? ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : So now we repeat our statement that the many have missed getting the best because in most cases, I conceive, (…)