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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: creator
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Creator
Of Zeus, the author and creator of all these things, EUTHYPHRO
Soc. I mean to say, that the producers of those things which the author of the song praises, that is to say, the physician, the trainer, the money-maker, will at once come to you, and first the physician will say : "O Socrates, Gorgias is deceiving you, for my art is concerned with the greatest good of men and not his." And when I ask, Who are you ? he will reply, "I am a physician." What do you mean ? I shall say. Do (…)
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Jowett: merchandise of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Str. Of this merchandise of the soul, may not one part be fairly termed the art of display ? And there is another part which is certainly not less ridiculous, but being a trade in learning must be called by some name germane to the matter ? SOPHIST
Str. No other ; and so this trader in virtue again turns out to be our friend the Sophist, whose art may now be traced from the art of acquisition through exchange, trade, merchandise, to a merchandise of the soul which is concerned with speech (…)
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Jowett: creation
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Creator
Creation, myth of, Protag. 320 D foil.; Statesm. 269 foil. :—reason of, Tim. 29 ; species of, ib. 39, 40; divine and human creation, Soph. 265, 266 (cp. Rep. 10. 596 foil.); physical theories of creation, Laws 10. 889; origin of creation, ib. 893, 894. Soc. Phronesis (wisdom), which may signify Phoras kai rhou noesis (perception of motion and flux), or perhaps Phoras onesis (the blessing of motion), but is at any rate connected with Pheresthai (motion) ; gnome (judgment), again, (…)
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Jowett: purification of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Str. There can be no doubt that they are thought ridiculous, Theaetetus ; but then the dialectical art never considers whether the benefit to be derived from the purge is greater or less than that to be derived from the sponge, and has not more interest in the one than in the other ; her endeavour is to know what is and is not kindred in all arts, with a view to the acquisition of intelligence ; and having this in view, she honours them all alike, and when she makes comparisons, she counts (…)
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Jowett: wakefulness
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Ath. What will be the manner of life among men who may be supposed to have their food and clothing provided for them in moderation, and who have entrusted the practice of the arts to others, and whose husbandry, committed to slaves paying a part of the produce, brings them a return sufficient for men living temperately ; who, moreover, have common tables in which the men are placed apart, and near them are the common tables of their families, of their daughters and mothers, which day by day, (…)
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Jowett: disease of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Str. Then we shall be right in calling vice a discord and disease of the soul ? SOPHIST
Str. Then there are these two kinds of evil in the soul — the one which is generally called vice, and is obviously a disease of the soul... SOPHIST
Such is the manner in which diseases of the body arise ; the disorders of the soul, which depend upon the body, originate as follows. We must acknowledge disease of the mind to be a want of intelligence ; and of this there are two kinds ; to wit, madness (…)
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Jowett: Wisdom
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
sophia phronesis
Wisdom (sophia, phronesis), = good fortune, Euthyd. 282; = true thought, Theaet. 170;—the true wisdom, to know God, ib. 176; to have harmony in the soul, Laws 3. 689; — wisdom, the highest of human things, Pro tag. 352 D; the most valuable of treasures, Euthyd. 282; Eryx. 394 A; can it be taught ? Euthyd. 282 (cp. Virtue); loveliness of, Phaedr. 250; unseen, ibid.; to be ascribed to God only, ib. 278 (cp. ApoL 23 A); the one true coin for which all things ought to (…)
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Jowett: in the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And whom should we be justified in asking as to the moderate degree and kind, in regard to the sowing and planting of studies in the soul ? LOVERS
His approving answers reassured me, and I began by degrees to regain confidence, and the vital heat returned. Such, Charmides, I said, is the nature of the charm, which I learned when serving with the army from one of the physicians of the Thracian king Zamolxis, who are to be so skilful that they can even give immortality. This Thracian told me (…)
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Jowett: wisdom
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Wisdom
Socrates : Do you regard madness as the opposite of wisdom ? ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : Well then, do you hold the same view about wisdom and unwisdom ? ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : And you remember that you admitted that madness is the opposite of wisdom ? ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : So you see it is not safe either to accept casually what one is given, or to pray for one’s own advancement, if one is going to be injured in consequence, or deprived of one’s life altogether. Yet we (…)
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Jowett: to the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
[321d] Socrates : And if he then proceeded to ask us — And what might that be which the good lawgiver and apportioner distributes to the soul to make it better ? — what would be our answer if we would avoid being ashamed of ourselves and our years ? MINOS
Surely, I said, knowledge is the food of the soul ; and we must take care, my friend, that the Sophist does not deceive us when he praises what he sells, like the dealers wholesale or retail who sell the food of the body ; for they praise (…)
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Jowett: Wise
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
sophos Wisdom
Wise man, the, the friend and kindred of all, Lysis 210 C; does not fear death, Apol. 29, 35 A; Phaedo 62-68 ; = the good, Rep. 1. 350; 1 Alcib. 124,125 ; definition of, Rep. 4. 442 C; alone has true pleasure, ib. 9.583 B ; life of, ib. 591; according to Protagoras’ philosophy, Theaet. 166 E; the only ’measure of all things,’ ib. 183 B ; different from the clever artist, 2 Alcib. 145E;—’the wise to go to the doors of the rich,’ Rep. 6. 489 B (see s. v. Proverbs) ;—wise men (…)
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Jowett: evil in the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. And now injustice and all evil in the soul has been admitted by to be most disgraceful ? GORGIAS
Str. Then there are these two kinds of evil in the soul — the one which is generally called vice, and is obviously a disease of the soul... SOPHIST
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Jowett: wise
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
[138d] Socrates : And there are some men whom you regard as unwise, and others as wise ? ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : Come then, let us consider who these people are. We have admitted that some are unwise, some wise, and others mad. ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : Tell me, do you think it is only possible to be either wise or unwise, or is there some third condition between these, which makes [139b] a man neither wise nor unwise ? ALCIBIADES II
Socrates : And further, that there is no third (…)
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Jowett: vice in the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
But what will those who maintain the soul to be a harmony say of this presence of virtue and vice in the soul ? — Will they say that there is another harmony, and another discord, and that the virtuous soul is harmonized, and herself being a harmony has another harmony within her, and that the vicious soul is inharmonical and has no harmony within her ? PHAEDO
Str. Do we admit that virtue is distinct from vice in the soul ? SOPHIST
Theaet. I certainly admit what I at first disputed — (…)
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Jowett: wisely
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Wisdom
And does not he who does his duty act temperately or wisely ? CHARMIDES
Yes, he acts wisely. CHARMIDES
Then, I said, he may sometimes do good or harm, and not know what he is himself doing, and yet, in doing good, as you say, he has done temperately or wisely. Was not that your statement ? CHARMIDES
Then, as would seem, in doing good, he may act wisely or temperately, and be wise or temperate, but not know his own wisdom or temperance ? CHARMIDES
Soc. But as to the epithet (…)
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Jowett: purifier of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Str. They cross-examine a man’s words, when he thinks that he is saying something and is really saying nothing, and easily convict him of inconsistencies in his opinions ; these they then collect by the dialectical process, and placing them side by side, show that they contradict one another about the same things, in relation to the same things, and in the same respect. He, seeing this, is angry with himself, and grows gentle towards others, and thus is entirely delivered from great (…)
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Jowett: wiser
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Wisdom
Socrates : But perhaps, my excellent friend, some person who is wiser than either you or I may say we are wrong to be so free with our abuse of ignorance, [143c] unless we can add that it is ignorance of certain things, and is a good to certain persons in certain conditions, as to those others it is an evil. ALCIBIADES II
[132d] Now this one of the two lovers had spent his time on humane studies, whereas the other, whom he was abusing, had spent his on athletics. So I decided that (…)
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Jowett: with the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
[103a] Socrates : Son of Cleinias, I think it must surprise you that I, the first of all your lovers, am the only one of them who has not given up his suit and thrown you over, and whereas they have all pestered you with their conversation I have not spoken one word to you for so many years. The cause of this has been nothing human, but a certain spiritual opposition, of whose power you shall be informed at some later time. However, it now opposes me no longer, [103b] so I have accordingly (…)
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Jowett: wisest
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Wisdom
Socrates : It is very much to the point : but he, good sir, like almost every other poet, speaks in riddles. For poetry as a whole is by nature [147c] inclined to riddling, and it is not every man who can apprehend it. And furthermore, besides having this natural tendency, when it gets hold of a grudging person who wishes not to show forth to us his own wisdom but to conceal it as much as possible, we find it an extraordinarily difficult matter to make out whatever this or that one (…)
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Jowett: conversation of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Str. Are not thought and speech the same, with this exception, that what is called thought is the unuttered conversation of the soul with herself ? SOPHIST
Str. And seeing that language is true and false, and that thought is the conversation of the soul with herself, and opinion is the end of thinking, and imagination or phantasy is the union of sense and opinion, the inference is that some of them, since they are akin to language, should have an element of falsehood as well as of truth ? (…)