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Izutsu (SOP1:82-85) – fusão sujeito-objeto
domingo 4 de setembro de 2022
Atienza
Se cuenta que un célebre maestro Zen de la dinastía T’ang, Nan Ch’uan, declaraba, señalando una flor abierta en el patio: “La gente común ve esta flor como si se encontrase sumida en un sueño”. Si la flor, tal como la vemos efectivamente en el jardín, debe asimilarse a una flor vista durante el sueño, nos bastará con salir del sueño para ver la flor tal cual es en sí misma realmente. Esto quiere decir, simplemente, que el sujeto debe cumplir a toda costa una transformación personal absoluta, si quiere contemplar la realidad de las cosas. Pero ¿de qué género de transformación se trata? ¿Y cuál será la realidad de las cosas, vistas por nosotros después de esa transformación?
Lo que Nan Ch’uan quiere decir está claro: una flor, tal como se la ve en condiciones normales, es un objeto que se encuentra delante del sujeto que la percibe. Ese es el sentido de la expresión “una flor vista en un sueño”. La flor está aquí representada como algo diferente del ser humano que la contempla. La flor, en su realidad es, sin embargo, para Nan Ch’uan, una flor que no es, una flor que no puede distinguirse del ser humano que la contempla: del sujeto. Se trata aquí, pues, de un estado que no es ni « subjetivo ni objetivo, sino que es al mismo tiempo subjetivo y objetivo: un estado en el cual el sujeto y el objeto, el ser humano y la flor, se funden de modo indescriptible en una unidad absoluta.
Al menos, con el fin de avanzar un poco hacia el meollo del problema, tendremos que colocar en su lugar preciso las palabras de Nan Ch’uan en su contexto: un conocido libro del budismo Zen, el Pi Yen Lu. Allí se puede leer lo siguiente:
Un día, el gran dignatario Lu Keng se encontraba conversando con Nan Ch’uan, cuando Lu hizo la siguiente observación: “Séng Chao dijo un día: “El cielo y la tierra (es decir, el universo entero) tienen la misma raíz que mi propio yo y todas las cosas son una sola conmigo”. Para mí, esto es muy difícil de comprender”. Entonces, señalando una flor con el dedo, Nan Ch ‘uan declaró: “La gente común ve esta flor como si se encontrase en medio de un sueño”.
En el contexto puede comprenderse la intención de Nan Ch’uan. Es lo mismo que si hubiera dicho: “Observa esta flor abierta en el patio. Por el hecho mismo de su existencia, está atestiguando que todas las cosas forman una sola con el ser que nosotros somos en la Unidad fundamental de la Realidad última. La verdad está ahí en toda su pureza , plenamente aparente. Se desvela, en cada momento y a través de cada cosa particular, de modo claro y sin equívocos. Pero la gente común no posee el ojo en condiciones para ver la realidad desnuda. Todas la cosas son observadas como a través de velos”.
Dado que la gente común lo ve todo a través de los velos de su propio ego relativo y determinado, todo cuanto ve es percibido como en un sueño. Pero ellos mismos están convencidos de que la flor, tal como efectivamente la contemplan en tanto que “objeto” en el mundo exterior, es la realidad. Para estar en condiciones de afirmar que tal visión de la flor está absolutamente alejada de la realidad hasta el punto de ser casi un sueño, hay que transformar en otro el yo empírico. Sólo entonces se podrá decir, con el monje Chao, que “el objeto no es más que el sujeto mismo”, que “el objeto y el sujeto se confunden de modo infinitamente sutil y delicado en uno solo y, finalmente, se incorporan al fondo original de la Nada”.
La misteriosa fusión del sujeto y del objeto de la que habla el monje Chao exigiría un largo comentario. Por el momento, señalemos simplemente que incluso una flor en el jardín aparece de modo distinto según los diferentes estadios por los que pasa el espíritu del observador. Para ver en una simple flor la manifestación de la unidad metafísica de todas las cosas — no sólo objetos pretendidos, sino incluso el sujeto mismo que observa —, es necesario que el ego empírico haya sufrido una transformación total, una completa anulación de sí mismo: la muerte de su propio Yo y su renacimiento en una dimensión de conciencia radicalmente distinta. Porque, mientras siga siendo un “sujeto” autónomo que observa el “objeto” desde fuera, la realización de semejante unidad metafísica es prácticamente inconcebible. ¿Cómo podría ser de otro modo posible que una flor, siendo aquí y ahora una flor individual y concreta, pudiera convertirse para alguien en su propia esencia o que, por ese mismo camino, pudiera ser idéntica a cualquier otra cosa? De este modo, para regresar a lo que anteriormente decíamos, el mundo se desvela ante nuestros ojos en conformidad exacta con el estado de la conciencia actual.
Sin necesidad de llegar a este alto grado de experiencia espiritual, el primer tipo de correlación existente entre sujeto y objeto puede ser observado fácilmente en la vida cotidiana. Comencemos por una observación casi banal. Es una experiencia corriente que el mundo, o cualquier cosa en el mundo, aparece distinto ante cada uno, según el punto de vista o el interés que se tenga por las cosas. El hecho no carece de significación filosófica. Bertrand Russell , por ejemplo, partía ya de una observación de este tipo en su obra Los Problemas de la Filosofía. En la vida cotidiana, hablamos a menudo del color de una mesa, aceptando que dicha mesa es de un determinado color, en todas partes y para todo el mundo. Pero ante esa misma observación podemos constatar que no es ése precisamente el caso. Russell sostiene que no existe un color definido que pueda ser considerado como el color de la mesa. Esta aparece con toda evidencia de distintos colores según los puntos de vista, y no hay dos personas que puedan verla exactamente desde el mismo punto de vista. Aún más, “incluso aceptando un mismo punto de vista, el color será distinto según si se la observa bajo una luz artificial, según si el sujeto es daltónico o si lleva gafas oscuras; e incluso, en la oscuridad no habrá color de ningún tipo”.
Original
A famous Zen master of the T’ang dynasty, Nan Ch’uan [1] (J.: Nansen), is said to have remarked, pointing with his finger to a flower blooming in the courtyard: “The ordinary people see this flower as if they were in a dream.” If the flower as we actually see it in the garden is to be likened to a flower seen in a dream, we have only to wake up from the dream in order to see the flower as it really is. And this simply means that a total personal transformation is required on the part of the subject, if the latter wants to see the reality of things. But what kind of transformation? And what will be the reality of things seen by us after such transformation?
What Nan Ch’uan himself wants to convey by his statement is quite clear. He means to say that a flower as seen by the ordinary people under normal conditions is an object standing before the perceiving subject. This precisely is what Nan Ch’uan indicates by his expression: “a flower seen in a dream.” Here the flower is represented as something different from the man who is looking at it. The flower in its true reality, however, is, according to Nan Ch’uan, a flower which is not distinguished, which is not distinguishable, from the man who sees it, the subject. What is at issue here is a state which is neither subjective nor objective, but which is, at the same time both subjective and objective — a state in which the subject and object, [82] the man and the flower, become fused in an indescribably subtle way into an absolute unity In order, however, to go a step further into the core of the problem which we are dealing with in the present chapter, we must replace Nan Ch’uan’s words into their original context. It is found in a celebrated textbook of Zen Buddhism, Pi Yen Lu. [2] It reads as follows:
Once the high official Lu Keng (J.: Riku K5) [3] was holding a conversation with Nan Ch’uan, when Lu remarked: “Seng Chao [4] once said: ‘The heaven and earth (i.e., the whole universe) is of one and the same root as my own self, and all things are one with me.’ This I find pretty difficult to understand.” Thereupon Nan Ch’uan, pointing with his finger at a flower blooming in the courtyard, and calling Lu’s attention to it, remarked: “The ordinary people see this flower as if they were in a dream!”
The whole context clarifies Nan Ch’uan’s intention. It is as though he said, “Look at that flower blooming in the courtyard. The flower itself is expressing with its very existence the fact that all things are completely one with our own selves in the fundamental unity of Ultimate Reality. The Truth stands there naked, wholly apparent. It [83] is, at every moment and in every single thing, disclosing itself so clearly and so straightforwardly. Yet, alas, the ordinary people do not possess the eye to see the naked Reality. They see every thing only through veils.”
Since, in this way, the ordinary people see everything through the veils of their own relative and determined ego, whatever they see is seen in a dreamlike fashion. But they themselves are firmly convinced that the flower as they actually see it as an “object” in the external world is reality. In order to be able to say that such a vision of the flower is so far away from the naked reality that it is almost a dream, they must have their empirical ego transformed into something else. Only then will they be able to assert with full confidence with the monk Chao that “the object is no other than the subject itself” and that “the object and the subject become fused in an indescribably subtle and delicate way into one, and ultimately become reduced to the original ground of Nothingness.”
The mysterious fusion of subject and object which the monk Chao talks about would require a great deal of further elucidation before it will disclose to us its real meaning. This will be done in detail presently. For the time being let us be content with simply pointing out that even a flower in the garden will appear differently in accordance with different stages on which the mind of the observer happens to be. In order to see in a single flower a manifestation of the metaphysical unity of all things, not only of all the so-called objects but including even the observing subject, the empirical ego must have undergone a total transformation, a complete nullification of itself— death to its own “self,” and rebirth on a totally different dimension of consciousness . For as long as there remains a self-subsistent “subject” which observes from outside the “object,” the realization of such a metaphysical unity is utterly inconceivable. How would it otherwise be possible that a flower, remaining always a concrete individual flower here and now, be your own self, or, for that matter, be the same as anything else? Thus, to come back to our earlier simple statement, the world discloses itself to your eyes in exact [84] accordance with the actual state of your consciousness.
Even without going to the utmost degree of spiritual experience such as has just been mentioned in connection with Nan Ch’uan’s remark on a flower in the courtyard, the same type of correlation between subject and object is easily observable at the level of our daily life. For that purpose let us begin by making a very commonplace observation. It is a matter of ordinary experience that the world, or anything in the world, appears differently to different persons in accordance with different points of view or different interests they happen to have with regard to the things. The fact is not without some philosophical significance.
Bertrand Russell, for instance, has actually made an observation of this sort the starting-point for an exposition of his philosophical ideas in his The Problems of Philosophy. [5] In ordinary life, we often speak of the color of a table, assuming that it is of one definite color everywhere and for everybody. On a closer scrutiny, however, we find that such is not the case.There is, he argues, no definite color which is the color of the table. For it evidently appears to be of different colors from different points of view. And no two persons can see it from exactly the same point of view. Moreover, “even from a given point of view the color will seem different by artificial light, or to a colorblind man, or to a man wearing blue spectacles, while in the dark there will be no color at all.”
Ver online : Izutsu – The Structure of Oriental Philosophy
[1] Nan Ch’uan P’uYuan (J.: Nansen Fugan, 748-835).
[2] Heki Gan Roku (“Blue Rock Records”), a work of the eleventh century (Sung dynasty), Koan No. 40.
[3] Lu Keng (764—834) was a high official of the Tang dynasty who occupied a very important position in the administrative machinery of the central government. In Zen Buddhism he was a lay disciple of Nan Ch’uan.
[4] Seng Chao (J.: Sojo, 374-414), known as “the monk Chao.” A Taoist at first, he later turned to Mahayana Buddhism under the direction of the famous Kumarajlva (344—413), who came from Central Asia to China in 401 and who translated many of the Buddhist Sutras and theoretical works on Buddhism from Sanskrit to Chinese. The monk Chao is counted among the greatest of Kumarajiva’s disciples. Chao, though he died at the age of 31, left a number of important works on Buddhist philosophy. His interpretation of the concept of Nothingness or “Void” in particular, which was Taoistic to a considerable extent, exercised a tremendous influence on the rise and development of Zen in China. He is rightly regarded as one of the predecessors of Zen Buddhism.
[5] Bertrand Russell: The Problems of Philosophy, Oxford, 1954, pp. 8—9.