Zeller (Platão) – A Antiga Academia

CHAPTER I. PLATO’S LIFE.

• Childhood and Youth
• Relation to Socrates  
• Sojourn at Megara. Travels
• Teaching in the Academy
• Attitude to Politics. Second and third Sicilian journeys
• Death
• Character

CHAPTER II. PLATO’S WRITINGS.

• General Enquiry into the State of our Collection ; its Completeness
• Genuineness
• External Evidence
• References of Aristotle  
• Review of these
• Value of their Testimony
• Criterion of Authenticity in Platonic Writings
• Particular Dialogues
• Plato’s Writings the Records of his Philosophy

CHAPTER III. THE ORDER OF THE PLATONIC WORKS.

• Scope and Design of the Enquiry
• Early Attempts at an Arrangement of the Writings
• Schleiermacher  
• Hermann
• Their Followers
• Standard of Criticism
• Its application to our Collection
• Early Works
• Gorgias, Meno  , Thesetetus, Euthydemus  , Phiedrus
• Sophist, Politicus, Parmenides  , Philebus  , Euthydemus, Cratylus  , Symposium  , Phedo
• Republic  , Tinuous, Critias  , Laws

CHAPTER IV. CHARACTER, METHOD, AND DIVISION OF PLATO PHILOSOPHY

• Character in relation to Socrates
• To the pre-Socratics  
• Dialeclic Method
• Form of Plato’s Writings. Philosophic Dialogue
• Connection with the Personality of Socrates
• Myths
• Division of the System

CHAPTER V. PROPEDEUTIC GROUNDWORK OF PLATO’S DOCTRINE

• 1. Ordinary Consciousness  . Its Theoretic Side
• Its Practical Side
• 2. Sophistic Doctrine. Its Theory of Knowledge
• Its Ethics
• Sophistic as a Whole
• 3. Philosophy
• The Philosophic Impulse, Eros  
• The Philosophic Method, Dialectic
• Its Elements; Formation of Concepts
• Classification
• Logical Determinations
• Language
• Philosophy as a Whole ; Stages of Philosophic Development

CHAPTER VI. DIALECTIC, OR THE DOCTRINE OF IDEAS

• 1. The Doctrine of Ideas founded upon that of Knowledge
• And of Being
• Proofs as given by Aristotle
• Historic Origin of the Doctrine
• 2. Concept of Ideas
• Ideas as Universais   or Genera
• As Substances
• As Concrete Unities
• Or Numbers
• As Living Powers
• 3. The World of Ideas
• Extent
• Subdivisions
• The most Universal   categories
• The Highest Idea  , the Good, and God  

CHAPTER VII. PHYSICS.

• General Causes of lhe World of Phenomena
• 1. Matter. Its Derivation
• Description of Matter
• Not a Primeval, Corporeal Substance
• Not the Product of Envisagement or Opinion
• Out of Space
• Ditliculties of this Theory
• 2. Relation of Sensible   Objects to the Idea
• Immanence of Things in Ideas
• No derivation of the World of Sense
• Reasons against the Identification of Matter with the Unlimited in the Ideas
• Lacuna in the System at this point
• Participation of things in Ideas
• Reason and Necessity ; Physical and Final Causes .
• 3. The World-Soul
• Connection of this Doctrine with Plato’s whole System
• Nature of the Soul  
• The Soul and the Mathematical Principle
• The Soul as the Cause of Motion
• And of Knowledge

CHAPTER VIII. PHYSICS (CONTINUED).

• The World-System and its Parts
• How far these Discussions arc valuable and important
• 1. The Origin of the World. Question of its beginning in Time
• 2. Formation of the Elements. Teleological Derivation
• Physical Derivation
• Properties, Distribution, Admixture, Motion, Decomposition
• 3. The World-System ; the Heavenly Bodies ; Time ; the Cosmical Year
• The World as the Become (Gcwordene) God

CHAPTER IX. PHYSICS (CONTINUED).

• Man
• Nature of the Human Soul
• ’ Its Mythical History
• Dogmatic Element in this mode of Representation
• Immortality
• Pre-existenco
• Recollection, Transmigration, and Future Retribution
• Parts of the Soul
• Freewill
• Relation of the Soul to the Body
• Physiological Theories
• Plants and Animals
• Difference of Sex
• Diseases

CHAPTER X. ETHICS

• 1. The Highest Good
• Withdrawal from the World of Sense
• Relative Value ascribed to it
• 2. Virtue
• Virtue and Happiness  
• Socratic and Platonic Doctrine of Virtue
• Natural   Disposition
• Customary and Philosophic Virtue
• Plurality of Virtues ; Primary Virtues
• The Distinctive Peculiarities of Plato’s Ethics

CHAPTER XI. ETHICS (CONTINUED).

• The State
• End and Problem of the State
• Philosophy as the Condition of the true State
• The Constitution of the State
• Importance of Public Institutions ; aristocratic character of the
• Platonic Constitution
• Separation and Relation of Classes
• This Constitution based upon Plato’s whole System
• Social Regulations ; Parentage
• Education
• Citizens’ Manner of Life; Community of Goods, Wives, and Children
• Significance of this Political Ideal from Plato’s Point of View.
• Influences that led him to it
• Its affinity with the Modern State
• Defective States

CHAPTER XII. PLATO’S VIEWS ON RELIGION AND ART

• 1. Religion. The Religion of the Philosopher; Purification of the Popular Faith
• Visible Gods
• Popular Religion
• General Result
• 2. Art
• The Beautiful
• Artistic Inspiration
• Imitation
• Supervision of Art
• Particular Arts
• Rhetoric

CHAPTER XIII. THE LATER FORM OF PLATONIC DOCTRINE.

• The laws
• The Platonic Doctrine according to Aristotle
• The Laws. Point of View
• Philosophy less prominent
• Religious Character
• Importance of Mathematics
• Ethics
• Particular Legislation
• Politics
• Constitution
• Social Regulations
• General Character of the Laws ; Divergences from Plato’s original
• Point of View—the Evil World-Soul
• Authenticity

CHAPTER XIV. THE OLDER ACADEMY. SPEUSIPPUS.

• Platonic School. External History
• Character of its Philosophy
• Speusippus’ Theory of Knowledge
• First Principles ; the Good and the Soul
• Numbers
• Magnitudes
• Fragments of his Physics
• Ethics

CHAPTER XV. THE OLDER ACADEMY (CONTINUED). XENOCRATES

• Divisions of Philosophy
• Kinds and Stages of Knowledge
• First Principles
• Number and Ideas
• Spatial Magnitudes
• The Soul
• Cosmology
• Gods and Demons
• Elements. Formation of the World
• Psychology
• Ethics

CHAPTER XVI. OTHER PHILOSOPHERS OF THE ACADEMY

• Metaphysical Enquiries
• Heraclides
• Eudoxus
• The Epinomis  
• Polemo
• Cratea, Crantor