Armstrong
8. This is the reason why Plato says that all things are threefold “ about the king of all ”—he means the primary realities—and “ the second about the second and the third about the third But he also says that there is a “ father of the cause ”, meaning Intellect by “ the cause”: for Intellect is his craftsman ; and he says that it makes Soul in that “ mixing-bowl ” he speaks of. [1] And the father of Intellect which is the cause he calls the Good and that which is beyond Intellect and “ beyond being ”. [2] And he also often calls Being and Intellect Idea : so Plato knew that Intellect comes from the Good and Soul from Intellect. And [it follows] that these statements of ours are not new; they do not belong to the present time, but were made long ago, not explicitly, and what we have said in this discussion has been an interpretation of them, relying on Plato’s own writings for evidence that these views are ancient. [3] And Parmenides also, before Plato, touched on a view like this, in that he identified Being and Intellect and that it was not among things perceived by the senses that he placed Being, when he said “ Thinking and Being are the same ”. And he says that this Being is unmoved—though he does attach thinking to it—taking all bodily movement from it that it may remain always in the same state, and likening it to “ the mass of a sphere ”, because it holds all things in its circumference and because its thinking is not external, but in itself. [4] But when he said it was one, in his own works, he was open to criticism because this one of his was discovered to be many. But Parmenides in Plato speaks more accurately, and distinguishes from each other the first One, which is more properly called One, and the second which he calls “ One-Many ” and the third, “ One and Many ”, [5] In this way he too agrees with the doctrine of the three natures.
Lloyd
§5.1.8. And it is also because of this that we get Plato’s threefold division: the things ‘around the king of all’ – he says this, meaning the primary things – ‘second around the secondary things’, and ‘third around the tertiary things’. And he says ‘father of the cause’ meaning by ‘cause’ Intellect. For the Intellect is his Demiurge. And he says that the Demiurge makes the Soul in that ‘mixing-bowl’. And since the Intellect is cause, he means by ‘father’ the Good, or that which transcends Intellect and ‘transcends Substantiality’. Often he calls Being and the Intellect ‘Idea’, which shows that Plato understood that the Intellect comes from the Good, and the Soul comes from the Intellect. And these statements of ours are not new nor even recent, but rather were made a long time ago, though not explicitly. The things we are saying now comprise exegeses of those, relying on the writings of Plato himself as evidence that these are ancient views.
Parmenides previously touched on this doctrine to the extent that he identified Being and Intellect, that is, he did not place Being among sensibles, saying ‘for thinking and Being are identical’. And he says that Being is ‘immobile’, though he does attach thinking to it, eliminating all corporeal motion from it so that it would remain as it is, likening it to a ‘spherical mass’, because it encompasses all things and because thinking is not external to it, but rather within itself. Saying that it was ‘one’ in his own writings, he got blamed for saying that this one thing was found to be many.
Plato’s Parmenides speaks more accurately when he distinguishes from among each other the primary One, which is one in a more proper sense , a second one, which he calls ‘one-many’, and a third one, ‘one and many’. In this way, too, he is in harmony with our account of the three natures.
Brisson & Pradeau
8. Voilà la raison pour laquelle Platon dit qu’il y a trois rangs de réalités : toutes les choses sont « autour du roi qui règne sur tout » – il veut bien sûr parler des réalités premières –, « le deuxième est auprès des choses de deuxième rang, et le troisième est auprès des choses de troisième rang » [6]. Il dit aussi qu’il y a un « père de la cause » [7], en qualifiant de « cause » l’Intellect [8]. Car l’Intellect est, selon lui, le démiurge. Il dit que l’Intellect produit l’âme dans ce cratère dont il parle dans le Timée [9]. Le père de cette cause qu’est l’Intellect, il affirme que c’est le Bien, ce qui est au-delà de l’Intellect et « au-delà de la réalité » [10]. Il répète que l’être et l’Intellect, c’est la Forme ; dès lors, Platon savait que l’Intellect vient du Bien, et que l’Âme vient de l’Intellect [11]. Non, les propos que nous tenons ne sont pas nouveaux et ils ne datent pas d’aujourd’hui, car ils ont été déjà tenus dans l’Antiquité, mais sans que leur sens ait été déployé. En tenant les propos qui sont actuellement les nôtres, nous sommes les interprètes de ces propos antérieurs, en nous appuyant sur les propres écrits de Platon qui témoignent de l’Antiquité de ces doctrines [12]. Cela étant, Parménide avait lui aussi, avant Platon, soutenu pareille opinion, dans la mesure où il identifiait l’être et l’Intellect, et qu’il posait que l’être ne se trouve pas parmi les choses sensibles, quand il soutenait que « penser et être sont en effet la même chose » [13]. Et il affirme aussi que l’être est « immobile » [14], même s’il ajoute qu’il fait acte de penser, et cela en le privant de tout mouvement corporel, pour qu’il reste dans le même état, et en le comparant à la « masse d’une sphère » [15], parce qu’il contient toutes choses en son enveloppe et que l’acte de penser s’exerce non pas hors de lui, mais en lui. En l’appelant « un » [16] dans ses écrits, il s’exposait à la critique, car cet un se révèle multiple. En revanche, le Parménide de Platon s’exprime de manière plus précise, car il distingue [25] l’un de l’autre le premier Un, qui est un au sens propre, le deuxième, qu’il appelle « un-plusieurs », et le troisième, qui est « un et plusieurs » [17]. Il est ainsi d’accord lui aussi avec la doctrine des trois natures [18].