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Platão / Platon / Platón / platonism / platonismo / platonisme
PLATÃO (grego Πλάτων, Platon) (427-348 aC)
DICIONÁRIO DE FILOSOFIA
OBRA NA INTERNET: LIBRARY GENESIS
OBRA COMPLETA EM VERSÕES FRANCESAS
OBRA COMPLETA TRADUÇÃO BENJAMIN JOWETT
DIÁLOGOS ONLINE EM DIFERENTES VERSÕES EM INGLÊS
A tradição filosófica assimila Platão, na leitura, no comentário e no uso que faz de sua obra, ao instituidor de termos cuja evidência marcou toda a história da filosofia. Seria possível escrever filosoficamente fora dos termos platônicos, que a tradição filosófica retoma ou critica? Para sempre a ousia vem confundir a distinção serena da essência e da existência, o eidos assombrar a eidética, a idea legitimar todos os idealismos; tantos termos que se formaram em conceitos que incontestavelmente testificam por sua fortuna a vã nomotética de Platão. Todavia, a disponibilidade dos termos platônicos, a familiaridade que toleram, ocultam a segunda figura em operação no Crátilo, aquela do dialético, sem o qual a produção nomotética perde toda significação. Herdeira do léxico, dos instrumentos, a tradição o foi. Mas que fez ela do dialético? Este, reconhecido como o praticante da “ciência mais elevada”, viveu dias gloriosos e pôs a pedra angular do edifício do platonismo. Mas secundarizando seu papel, esquece-se a lição do Crátilo, segundo a qual só aquele que sabe usar a palavra-instrumento na arte da dialética pode dar conta da palavra ela mesma, arrancá-la da erosão da usura. O texto platônico, tecido, tramado segundo uma nomotética e uma dialética, não sai indemne de uma leitura que pretenda disjuntá-las e se esquiva a toda apreensão que tente fazer qualquer economia desta articulação. [
Montet , Danielle. Les traits de l’être. Essai sur l’ontologie platonicienne. Paris: Jérôme Millon, 1990, p. 5]
Luc Brisson : De acordo com o testemunho de Diógenes Laércio, Aristófanes de Bizâncio teria organizado os diálogos de Platão por trilogias, por grupos de três:
1) República, Timeu e Crítias
2) Sofista , Político e Crátilo
3) Leis, Minos e Epinomis
4) Teeteto , Eutífron e Apologia
5) Críton, Fédon e Cartas
Matérias
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Jowett: places of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Such is the manner in which diseases of the body arise ; the disorders of the soul, which depend upon the body, originate as follows. We must acknowledge disease of the mind to be a want of intelligence ; and of this there are two kinds ; to wit, madness and ignorance. In whatever state a man experiences either of them, that state may be called disease ; and excessive pains and pleasures are justly to be regarded as the greatest diseases to which the soul is liable. For a man who is in great (…)
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Jowett: education
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Education
Socrates : I mean my and your fellow-citizen, Pisistratus’s son Hipparchus, of Philaidae, who was the eldest and wisest of Pisistratus’s sons, and who, among the many goodly proofs of wisdom that he showed, first brought the poems of Homer into this country of ours, and compelled the rhapsodes at the Panathenaea to recite them in relay, one man following on another, as [228c] they still do now. He dispatched a fifty-oared galley for Anacreon of Teos, and brought him into our (…)
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Jowett: impassioned soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
There is a corresponding enquiry concerning the mode of treatment by which the mind and the body are to be preserved, about which it is meet and right that I should say a word in turn ; for it is more our duty to speak of the good than of the evil. Everything that is good is fair, and the animal fair is not without proportion, and the animal which is to be fair must have due proportion. Now we perceive lesser symmetries or proportions and reason about them, but of the highest and greatest we (…)
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Jowett: educate
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Education
Socrates : I mean my and your fellow-citizen, Pisistratus’s son Hipparchus, of Philaidae, who was the eldest and wisest of Pisistratus’s sons, and who, among the many goodly proofs of wisdom that he showed, first brought the poems of Homer into this country of ours, and compelled the rhapsodes at the Panathenaea to recite them in relay, one man following on another, as [228c] they still do now. He dispatched a fifty-oared galley for Anacreon of Teos, and brought him into our (…)
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Jowett: without the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
His approving answers reassured me, and I began by degrees to regain confidence, and the vital heat returned. Such, Charmides, I said, is the nature of the charm, which I learned when serving with the army from one of the physicians of the Thracian king Zamolxis, who are to be so skilful that they can even give immortality. This Thracian told me that in these notions of theirs, which I was just now mentioning, the Greek physicians are quite right as far as they go ; but Zamolxis, he added, (…)
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Jowett: educated
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Education
Socrates : I mean my and your fellow-citizen, Pisistratus’s son Hipparchus, of Philaidae, who was the eldest and wisest of Pisistratus’s sons, and who, among the many goodly proofs of wisdom that he showed, first brought the poems of Homer into this country of ours, and compelled the rhapsodes at the Panathenaea to recite them in relay, one man following on another, as [228c] they still do now. He dispatched a fifty-oared galley for Anacreon of Teos, and brought him into our (…)
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Jowett: kinds of soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
The bones and flesh, and other similar parts of us, were made as follows. The first principle of all of them was the generation of the marrow. For the bonds of life which unite the soul with the body are made fast there, and they are the root and foundation of the human race. The marrow itself is created out of other materials : God took such of the primary triangles as were straight and smooth, and were adapted by their perfection to produce fire and water, and air and earth — these, I say, (…)
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Jowett: educating
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Education
Socrates : I mean my and your fellow-citizen, Pisistratus’s son Hipparchus, of Philaidae, who was the eldest and wisest of Pisistratus’s sons, and who, among the many goodly proofs of wisdom that he showed, first brought the poems of Homer into this country of ours, and compelled the rhapsodes at the Panathenaea to recite them in relay, one man following on another, as [228c] they still do now. He dispatched a fifty-oared galley for Anacreon of Teos, and brought him into our (…)
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Jowett: parts of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
I have often remarked that there are three kinds of soul located within us, having each of them motions, and I must now repeat in the fewest words possible, that one part, if remaining inactive and ceasing from its natural motion, must necessarily become very weak, but that which is trained and exercised, very strong. Wherefore we should take care that the movements of the different parts of the soul should be in due proportion. TIMAEUS
Thus were created women and the female sex in (…)
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Jowett: educator
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Education
Soc. And therefore, Laches and Nicias, as Lysimachus and Melesias, in their anxiety to improve the minds of their sons, have asked our advice about them, we too should tell them who our teachers were, if we say that we have had any, and prove them to be in the first place men of merit and experienced trainers of the minds of youth and also to have been really our teachers. Or if any of us says that he has no teacher, but that he has works of his own to show ; then he should point (…)
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Jowett: generation of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
And we should consider that God gave the sovereign part of the human soul to be the divinity of each one, being that part which, as we say, dwells at the top of the body, inasmuch as we are a plant not of an earthly but of a heavenly growth, raises us from earth to our kindred who are in heaven. And in this we say truly ; for the divine power suspended the head and root of us from that place where the generation of the soul first began, and thus made the whole body upright. When a man is (…)
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Jowett: educators
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Education
Str. In like manner, the royal science appears to me to be the mistress of all lawful educators and instructors, and having this queenly power, will not permit them to train men in what will produce characters unsuited to the political constitution which she desires to create, but only in what will produce such as are suitable. Those which have no share of manliness and temperance, or any other virtuous inclination, and, from the necessity of an evil nature, are violently carried (…)
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Jowett: have a soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Who have a soul so noble, are remarkable for a puerile exterior ; GORGIAS
Now the lover who is taken to be the attendant of Zeus is better able to bear the winged god, and can endure a heavier burden ; but the attendants and companions of Ares, when under the influence of love, if they fancy that they have been at all wronged, are ready to kill and put an end to themselves and their beloved. And he who follows in the train of any other god, while he is unspoiled and the impression lasts, (…)
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Jowett: City
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
polis
City, a, compared to a ship, Laws 6V 758 ; must have experience of the world, ib. 12. 951 A :—(the imaginary city), situation of, Rep. 3. 415 D ; Laws 5. 745 ; purification of, Laws 5. 735, 736 ; divisions of, ib. 745 ; must be well mingled, ib. 6. 773 D ; manner of its building, ib. 778 (cp. 8. 848 D) ; happiness of, ib. 8. 829 A ; compared to a man, ib. 12. 964 E foil. (cp. Model City) :—the heavenly city, Rep. 9. 592 :—the ’ city of pigs,’ ib. 2.372 :—the good city leads a life of (…)
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Jowett: oblivion of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. Instead of the oblivion of the soul, when you are describing the state in which she is unaffected by the shocks of the body, say unconsciousness. PHILEBUS
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Jowett: citizenship
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
City
Citizen, the, owes his first duty to his fatherland, Crito 51; must know both how to rule and how to obey, Laws 1.643 E (cp. 6. 762 E ; 12. 942 C); requires more than a mere military education, ib. 2. 666 E; must possess true wisdom, ib. 3. 689 ; must aid the rulers by giving information of the faults of others, ib. 5. 730 D, 742 B; 6. 762 D (cp. Informer) ; must be virtuous, ib. 6. 770 ; must not be praised until after death, ib. 7. 801 E ; the true praise of, ib. 822 E ; must (…)
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Jowett: good of the soul
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Soc. Is there not an absurdity in arguing that there is nothing good or noble in the body, or in anything else, but that good is in the soul only, and that the only good of the soul is pleasure ; and that courage or temperance or understanding, or any other good of the soul, is not really a good ? — and is there not yet a further absurdity in our being compelled to say that he who has a feeling of pain and not of pleasure is bad at the time when he is suffering pain, even though he be the (…)
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Jowett: citizen
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
citizenship
Socrates : Demodocus, your zeal is no wonder to me, if you suppose that I especially could be of use to him ; for I know of nothing for which a sensible man could be more zealous than for his own son’s utmost improvement. But how you came to form this opinion, that I would be better able to be of use to your son in his aim of becoming a good citizen than you would yourself, and how he came to suppose that I rather than yourself would be of use to him — this does fill me with (…)
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Jowett: soul of the child
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
Ath. According to my view, any one who would be good at anything must practise that thing from his youth upwards, both in sport and earnest, in its several branches : for example, he who is to be a good builder, should play at building children’s houses ; he who is to be a good husbandman, at tilling the ground ; and those who have the care of their education should provide them when young with mimic tools. They should learn beforehand the knowledge which they will afterwards require for (…)
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Jowett: Knowledge
1º de fevereiro, por Cardoso de Castro
episteme gignoskein
Knowledge (episteme, gignoskein); ’know thyself’ at Delphi, Charm. 164 D foil.; Protag. 343 B; Phaedr. 229 E; Phil. 48 C; Laws 11. 923 A ; i Alcib. 124 A, 129 A, 132 C ; knowledge of self, not = knowing what you know and what you do not know, Charm. 169; the proper study of mankind, Phaedr. 230 A: —knowing and not knowing, Theaet. 197; knowing and possessing knowledge, ibid.; knowing and being known, Soph. 248 E; knowing and communicating knowledge, i Alcib. 118:— (…)